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IMMS > Anatomy (Intro To Musculoskeletal) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Intro To Musculoskeletal) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the torso/trunk?

A

Main central part of the body including thorax, abdomen and pelvis

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2
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Upper part of the torso from the bottom of the neck to the diaphragm, houses the lungs and heart and is suranded by ribs

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3
Q

What is the abdomen?

A

Central part of the torso between the diaphragm and top of pelvic bones, contains digestive organs

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4
Q

What is the pelvis?

A

Lowest part of torso, between abdomen and start of lower limbs, contains last part of digestive tract, bladder and reproductive organs

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5
Q

What is the back?

A

Posterior surface of the torso

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6
Q

What is the arm?

A

Upper part of the upper limb

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7
Q

What is the forearm?

A

Middle part of the upper limb

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8
Q

What is the thigh?

A

The upper part of the lower limb

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9
Q

What is the leg?

A

The middle part of the lower limb

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10
Q

Superior

A

Above

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11
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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12
Q

Anterior/ ventral

A

Front / In front of

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13
Q

Posterior/ dorsal

A

Back / behind

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14
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the central line

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15
Q

Lateral

A

Farther away from the central line

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16
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin

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17
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the origin

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18
Q

Ipsillateral

A

Some side of the body

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of the body

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20
Q

Deep

A

Further away from the surface

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21
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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22
Q

Supine (position)

A

Lying down, flat on back

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23
Q

Prone (position)

A

Lying down, on front

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24
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

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25
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the ‘tail’

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26
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the face

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27
Q

What is the coronal / frontal plane?

A

‘Face on’ separation between arterial and posterior part

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28
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

‘Side on’ separation between left and right side

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29
Q

What is parasagittal?

A

Cut in the sagittal plane but parallel to the midline

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30
Q

What is the axial/transverse plane?

A

‘End-on’, separation between superior and inferior parts of the body (top and bottom)

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31
Q

What is the axial parts of the skeleton?

A

Central or core parts: skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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32
Q

What are the appendicular parts of the body?

A

Bones of the limbs, including scapula, clavicle and pelvic girdle

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33
Q

What is the skeleton made of?

A

Bone and cartilage

34
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Most common type of joints

Narrow synovial cavity separates articular surfaces of bones

Cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid enclosed in a joint capsule

Joint capsule has two layers: outer fibrous capsule, and inner synovial membrane

Articular surfaces are covered with articular ‘hyaline’ cartilage

Allow a great deal of movement

35
Q

Give examples of synovial joints

A

Shoulder, knee and wrist

36
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Connect bones via strong fibrous tissues

No cavity or fluid

Very little movement

37
Q

Give an example of a fibrous joint

A

Joints between individual bones of the skull called sutures

38
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Like fibrous joints, but articular surfaces are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissues

39
Q

What are primary cartilaginous joints?

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage, allowing some flexibility

Examples or where the ribs meet the sternum

40
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous?

A

Connected by fibrocartilage, plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the particular surfaces of the bones

Flexible and strong

Examples are intervertebral discs

41
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? And give an example of each

A

Ball & socket: Hip or Shoulder

Hinge: Elbow or Knee

Pivot: First and Second Vertebrae

Saddle: Base of Thumb, metacarpal

Condyloid: Knuckle

Plane: Small bones of wrist or acromioclavicular joint at the top of the shoulder

42
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Band of fibrous corrective tissues that attach bone to bone

43
Q

What does it mean to be ‘double-jointed’?

A

Stretchy ligaments which allow hypermobbility

44
Q

What is a sprain?

A

When a ligament is overstretched and injured

45
Q

Flexion

A

Bending, decreasing the angle between two parts

46
Q

Extension

A

Straightening, increasing the angle between two parts

47
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending sideways

48
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from midline of body

49
Q

Addiction

A

Moving towards the midline of the body

50
Q

Internal rotation/Medial rotation

A

Rotating around an axis towards the midline

51
Q

External rotation/Lateral rotation

A

Rotating around an axis away from the midline

52
Q

Pronation

A

Internal rotation of radius, so palms face posteriorly

53
Q

Supination

A

External rotation of the radius, so palms face anteriorly

( like holding a bowl of soup )

54
Q

Opposition

A

Fletion and rotation of thumb or little finger so that they can reach each other

55
Q

Circumduction

A

Appendage traces a circular or conical pattern

56
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Foot and toes move superiorly towards shin, point foot up

57
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Foot and toes move inferiorly, point foot down

58
Q

Inversion

A

Medial flexion so that sole of foot faces medially

59
Q

Eversion

A

Lateral flexion so that the sole of foot faces laterally

60
Q

Protraction

A

Moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly

61
Q

Retraction

A

Moving the scapula or mandible superiorly

62
Q

Elevation

A

Moving the scapula or mandible superiorly, shrugging the shoulders or closing the mouth

63
Q

Depression

A

Moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly, returning the shoulders after elevation or opening the mouth

64
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

Found throughout the body

Provide support and move joints and some soft tissues

Under voluntary control

Described as striated as they have a striped appearance

65
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

Located in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs such as intestines

Involuntarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Not striated

66
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

Unique to the heart

Involuntarily controlled

Contract in response to electrical impulses spontaneously generated by cells within the heart

Striated

67
Q

What are tendons?

A

They attach skeletal muscles to bones or soft tissues

68
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

Tendons which are thin flat sheets found in in the scalp or abdominal wall

69
Q

What is the origin?

A

Bone or part of the body that does not move when a muscle contracts

70
Q

What is the insertion?

A

Bone or part of the body that moves when a muscle contracts

71
Q

What are the different shapes of skeletal muscles?

A

Parallel - fibres are aligned parallel to each other
Fusiform - have a long tendon at each end, muscle belly bulges out in the middle (biceps)
Strap - belt shaped and relatively uniform in width at belly (sartorius in thigh)

Convergent - are fan-shaped and have a very broad attachment at a end, with fibres converging into a smaller attachment at the other (pectoralisis major)

Circular- fibres arranged in concentric rings around a structure and are often called sphincters, when they contract they close the aperture they surround ( muscles around eyes)

Pennate – the fibres are arranged at an angle to the direction in which the muscle acts. They cannot shorten as much as parallel muscles, but they are powerful.
● Unipennate – the fibres are arranged diagonally in relation to the tendon and insert onto one side of the tendon only (like a feather but with fibres on only one side of the central spine). Example: extensor digitorum longus in the leg.
● Bipennate – the fibres are arranged in a V-shape and insert onto both sides of the tendon; they look like a feather. Example: rectus femoris in the thigh.
● Multipennate – these muscles look like multiple bipennate muscles (or multiple feathers) side-by-side, all attaching onto one tendon. Example: deltoid in the shoulder.

72
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Composed of a single motor neuron, its axon and the muscle fibres it supplies

73
Q

How many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

A

33

74
Q

What are the different sections in the vertebral column, and how may vertebrae in each?

A

Cervical - 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck (C1 - C7)

Thoracic - 12 thoracic vertebrae in the thorax (T1 - T12)

Lumbar - 5 lumbar vertebrae in the abdomen (L1 - L5)

Sacral - 5 sacral vertebrae in the pelvis (S1 - S5) which are fused into the sacrum

Coccygeal - 4 coccygeal vertebrae in the pelvis (Co1 - Co4) which are fused into the coccyx.

75
Q

Why is the vertebral column curved and not straight?

A

To help absorb shock

76
Q

What direction do cervical and lumbar segments curve and what does it form?

A

Both curve anteriorly

Form cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis

77
Q

What direction do thoracic and sacral segments curve and what does it form?

A

Both curve posteriorly

Form thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

78
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Have bifid (‘twopronged’) spinous process, holes in the transverse processes (‘transverse foramen’) and ovalshaped bodies. The first two (C1 and C2) are uniquely modified for rotation of the head.

79
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Have long, sharp, downward-sloping spinous processes that overlap the vertebra below, additional articular facets for the attachment of ribs and heart-shaped bodies.

80
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Short, blunt spinous processes and extralarge, oval-shaped bodies to support the weight of the body.

81
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the sacral vertebrae?

A

Fused into the sacrum, a triangular-shaped bone that sits in the posterior midline. It articulates with the left and right hip bones to form the bony pelvis. (Anterior view)

82
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the coccygeal vertebrae?

A

Fused to form the coccyx, which is a vestigial remnant of what used to be a tail.

IMMS (32 decks)

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