Anatomy (Intro To Musculoskeletal) Flashcards
What is the torso/trunk?
Main central part of the body including thorax, abdomen and pelvis
What is the thorax?
Upper part of the torso from the bottom of the neck to the diaphragm, houses the lungs and heart and is suranded by ribs
What is the abdomen?
Central part of the torso between the diaphragm and top of pelvic bones, contains digestive organs
What is the pelvis?
Lowest part of torso, between abdomen and start of lower limbs, contains last part of digestive tract, bladder and reproductive organs
What is the back?
Posterior surface of the torso
What is the arm?
Upper part of the upper limb
What is the forearm?
Middle part of the upper limb
What is the thigh?
The upper part of the lower limb
What is the leg?
The middle part of the lower limb
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Anterior/ ventral
Front / In front of
Posterior/ dorsal
Back / behind
Medial
Closer to the central line
Lateral
Farther away from the central line
Proximal
Closer to the origin
Distal
Further away from the origin
Ipsillateral
Some side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body
Deep
Further away from the surface
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Supine (position)
Lying down, flat on back
Prone (position)
Lying down, on front
Cranial
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the ‘tail’
Rostral
Towards the face
What is the coronal / frontal plane?
‘Face on’ separation between arterial and posterior part
What is the sagittal plane?
‘Side on’ separation between left and right side
What is parasagittal?
Cut in the sagittal plane but parallel to the midline
What is the axial/transverse plane?
‘End-on’, separation between superior and inferior parts of the body (top and bottom)
What is the axial parts of the skeleton?
Central or core parts: skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
What are the appendicular parts of the body?
Bones of the limbs, including scapula, clavicle and pelvic girdle
What is the skeleton made of?
Bone and cartilage
What are synovial joints?
Most common type of joints
Narrow synovial cavity separates articular surfaces of bones
Cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid enclosed in a joint capsule
Joint capsule has two layers: outer fibrous capsule, and inner synovial membrane
Articular surfaces are covered with articular ‘hyaline’ cartilage
Allow a great deal of movement
Give examples of synovial joints
Shoulder, knee and wrist
What are fibrous joints?
Connect bones via strong fibrous tissues
No cavity or fluid
Very little movement
Give an example of a fibrous joint
Joints between individual bones of the skull called sutures
What are cartilaginous joints?
Like fibrous joints, but articular surfaces are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissues
What are primary cartilaginous joints?
Connected by hyaline cartilage, allowing some flexibility
Examples or where the ribs meet the sternum
What are secondary cartilaginous?
Connected by fibrocartilage, plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the particular surfaces of the bones
Flexible and strong
Examples are intervertebral discs
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? And give an example of each
Ball & socket: Hip or Shoulder
Hinge: Elbow or Knee
Pivot: First and Second Vertebrae
Saddle: Base of Thumb, metacarpal
Condyloid: Knuckle
Plane: Small bones of wrist or acromioclavicular joint at the top of the shoulder
What are ligaments?
Band of fibrous corrective tissues that attach bone to bone
What does it mean to be ‘double-jointed’?
Stretchy ligaments which allow hypermobbility
What is a sprain?
When a ligament is overstretched and injured
Flexion
Bending, decreasing the angle between two parts
Extension
Straightening, increasing the angle between two parts
Lateral flexion
Bending sideways
Abduction
Moving away from midline of body
Addiction
Moving towards the midline of the body
Internal rotation/Medial rotation
Rotating around an axis towards the midline
External rotation/Lateral rotation
Rotating around an axis away from the midline
Pronation
Internal rotation of radius, so palms face posteriorly
Supination
External rotation of the radius, so palms face anteriorly
( like holding a bowl of soup )
Opposition
Fletion and rotation of thumb or little finger so that they can reach each other
Circumduction
Appendage traces a circular or conical pattern
Dorsiflexion
Foot and toes move superiorly towards shin, point foot up
Plantarflexion
Foot and toes move inferiorly, point foot down
Inversion
Medial flexion so that sole of foot faces medially
Eversion
Lateral flexion so that the sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction
Moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly
Retraction
Moving the scapula or mandible superiorly
Elevation
Moving the scapula or mandible superiorly, shrugging the shoulders or closing the mouth
Depression
Moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly, returning the shoulders after elevation or opening the mouth
What are skeletal muscles?
Found throughout the body
Provide support and move joints and some soft tissues
Under voluntary control
Described as striated as they have a striped appearance
What are smooth muscles?
Located in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs such as intestines
Involuntarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Not striated
What are cardiac muscles?
Unique to the heart
Involuntarily controlled
Contract in response to electrical impulses spontaneously generated by cells within the heart
Striated
What are tendons?
They attach skeletal muscles to bones or soft tissues
What are aponeuroses?
Tendons which are thin flat sheets found in in the scalp or abdominal wall
What is the origin?
Bone or part of the body that does not move when a muscle contracts
What is the insertion?
Bone or part of the body that moves when a muscle contracts
What are the different shapes of skeletal muscles?
Parallel - fibres are aligned parallel to each other
Fusiform - have a long tendon at each end, muscle belly bulges out in the middle (biceps)
Strap - belt shaped and relatively uniform in width at belly (sartorius in thigh)
Convergent - are fan-shaped and have a very broad attachment at a end, with fibres converging into a smaller attachment at the other (pectoralisis major)
Circular- fibres arranged in concentric rings around a structure and are often called sphincters, when they contract they close the aperture they surround ( muscles around eyes)
Pennate – the fibres are arranged at an angle to the direction in which the muscle acts. They cannot shorten as much as parallel muscles, but they are powerful.
● Unipennate – the fibres are arranged diagonally in relation to the tendon and insert onto one side of the tendon only (like a feather but with fibres on only one side of the central spine). Example: extensor digitorum longus in the leg.
● Bipennate – the fibres are arranged in a V-shape and insert onto both sides of the tendon; they look like a feather. Example: rectus femoris in the thigh.
● Multipennate – these muscles look like multiple bipennate muscles (or multiple feathers) side-by-side, all attaching onto one tendon. Example: deltoid in the shoulder.
What is a motor unit?
Composed of a single motor neuron, its axon and the muscle fibres it supplies
How many vertebrae in the vertebral column?
33
What are the different sections in the vertebral column, and how may vertebrae in each?
Cervical - 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck (C1 - C7)
Thoracic - 12 thoracic vertebrae in the thorax (T1 - T12)
Lumbar - 5 lumbar vertebrae in the abdomen (L1 - L5)
Sacral - 5 sacral vertebrae in the pelvis (S1 - S5) which are fused into the sacrum
Coccygeal - 4 coccygeal vertebrae in the pelvis (Co1 - Co4) which are fused into the coccyx.
Why is the vertebral column curved and not straight?
To help absorb shock
What direction do cervical and lumbar segments curve and what does it form?
Both curve anteriorly
Form cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis
What direction do thoracic and sacral segments curve and what does it form?
Both curve posteriorly
Form thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis
What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae?
Have bifid (‘twopronged’) spinous process, holes in the transverse processes (‘transverse foramen’) and ovalshaped bodies. The first two (C1 and C2) are uniquely modified for rotation of the head.
What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?
Have long, sharp, downward-sloping spinous processes that overlap the vertebra below, additional articular facets for the attachment of ribs and heart-shaped bodies.
What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae?
Short, blunt spinous processes and extralarge, oval-shaped bodies to support the weight of the body.
What are the distinguishing features of the sacral vertebrae?
Fused into the sacrum, a triangular-shaped bone that sits in the posterior midline. It articulates with the left and right hip bones to form the bony pelvis. (Anterior view)
What are the distinguishing features of the coccygeal vertebrae?
Fused to form the coccyx, which is a vestigial remnant of what used to be a tail.
