Molecular Biology

Question 1

MicroRNA

Answer 1

single stranded RNA molecules of 21 to 23 nucleotides that can regulate gene transcription and translation

Question 2

Michaelis Menten equation

Answer 2

V= (V_max * S)/km+S

S= substrate concentration

V = rate of reaction (enzyme productivity)

km = constant

Vmax = constant

Question 3

K_m

Answer 3

The Michaelis Menten constant which shows the concentration of the substrate when the reaction velocity is equal to one half of the maximal velocity of the reaction.

Question 4

mRNA

Answer 4

messenger RNA

Brings the info from the DNA to the ribosome.

It is the long chain that forms after the DNA splits.

Ends with AAAA chain.

Question 5

rRNA

Answer 5

forms the ribosome in the nucleolus which are the physical and chemical structures on which protein molecules are actually assembled

Question 6

tRNA

Answer 6

Brings the amino acid to the appropriate spot on the mRNA chain to form the protein.

Question 7

exon

Answer 7

segment of DNA or RNA that contains a coding sequence for the protein.

Question 8

intron

Answer 8

segment of DNA or RNA that has no code for the protein. Interrupts the sequence of genes and gets thrown out.

Question 9

A&T

Answer 9

Adenine and Thymine

makes two hydrogen bonds

Question 10

G&C

Answer 10

Guanine and Cytosine

makes three hydrogen bonds

Question 11

3’ vs 5’

Answer 11

3 end has the third carbon available for bonding, 5 end has the fifth carbon available for bonding.

Question 12

frame shift mutation

Answer 12

the codon gets shifted by one letter and all the rest of the codons are wrong.

Question 13

alternate splicing

Answer 13

• a single gene can code for multiple different proteins
  
  • leaving out some exons

Question 14

Start codon

Answer 14

AUG

Question 15

Stop codon

Answer 15

UAA

UAG

UGA

Question 16

single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 16

reads one codon incorrectly, but remainder of amino acid is unaffected

Question 17

signal recognition peptide

Answer 17

Protein is unable to be built with an SRP bound to it until it gets docked onto the RER.

Question 18

activator

Answer 18

pulls the RNA polymerase to the right place to start near the TATA box by connecting with the mediator

Question 19

TATA box

Answer 19

Where the RNA polymerase starts because the bonds are easier to break with only two hydrogen bonds

Question 20

repressor

Answer 20

• decreases ability of activator to pull in the RNA polymerase
  
  • block the activator binding site
  • bind to the activator so the activator can’t bind to the polymerase
  • bind to something else and put that something else on the TATA box

Question 21

mediator

Answer 21

part of the RNA polymerase that connects to the activator and therefore places the polymerase in the right spot near the TATA box

Question 22

Regulation of the Cell cycle

Answer 22

• G0 - cell is at rest (not replicating, just doing its job)
• G1 - Should we be replicating?
• S - Did cell replicate correctly?
• G2 - Is cell correct size with all appropriate organelles?
• M - mitosis (cell division)

Question 23

Stages of mitosis

Answer 23

• mitosis - splitting up
  
  • Pass me another tequila
    
    • prophase- centrioles duplicate and move to opposite sides
    • metaphase- DNA line up
    • anaphase- DNA pulled apart
    • telophase- separate sacks

Question 24

steroids

Answer 24

• lipohophillic
• go directly to receptor on nucleus and upregulate or downregulate protein production