Fluids

Question 1

Measurement of fluid compartment size

Answer 1

• a known quantity of a compartment specific indicator is infused into bloodstream and allowed to disperse
• a plasma sample is then optained and indicator amount is measured
  
  • this measurement is used to calculate compartment volume

Question 2

Age, gender, and fat content regarding TBW

Answer 2

• Infants have little fat and higher % of TBW
• Men have less fat than women and higher % of TBW
• Older people have lower % TBW

Question 3

Osmotic pressure equation

Answer 3

Π = M * R * T

M = molar concentration

R = universal gas constant

T = Temperature

Π = M (mOsmoles/L) * 19.3

For every one miliosmole increase in concentration, there osmotic pressure increases by 19.3 mmhg

Question 4

Answer 4

• Columnar
  
  • intestine
  • kidney

Question 5

Total body water

Answer 5

• 2/3 of body is H₂O
  
  • 2/3 of water is intracellular (40%, 28L)
  • 1/3 of water is extracellular (20%, 14L)
    
    • 1/4 of extracellular is plasma (5%, 3L)
    • 3/4 of extracellular is interstitial (15%, 11L)

Question 6

To measure plasma volume

Answer 6

• Evans blue dye- binds to plasma proteins

Question 7

To measure TBW

Answer 7

• antipyrine or tritiated water- both of these will diffuse through all compartments

Question 8

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Hormone

ANP/ANH

Answer 8

Question 9

To measure ECF

Answer 9

• Inulin- will diffuse through plasma and ISF but cannot cross cell membranes or be metabolized because it is a large sugar

Question 10

Oncotic pressure

Answer 10

• pressure to pull water back into the blood vessel caused by proteins (mostly albumin)

Question 11

Answer 11

• Stratified squamous cell
  
  • Keratinized
    
    • skin, masticatory oral mucosa
  • non-Keratinized
    
    • esophagus, vagina, non masticatory oral mucosa

Question 12

Epithelial tissue

Answer 12

• simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers)
• squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• pseudostratified
• Structures
  
  • Cilia- movement
  • microvilli-absorption
  • stereocilia- tall microvilli for absorption

Question 13

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Answer 13

1. Renal juxtaglomerular cells sense decrease in blood pressure and release renin
2. Renin activates angiotensinogen to become angiotensin I.
3. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II via angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung
4. Angiotensin II promotes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex causing
5. renal sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure

Question 14

Answer 14

• Cuboidal
  
  • thyroid follicles
• stratified: sweat gland ducts

Question 15

Total blood volume

Answer 15

• Plasma
• RBC
  
  • hematocrit is % of RBC in the whole blood
    
    • approx. 42% in men
    • approx. 38% in women

Question 16

Connective tissue

Answer 16

• ground substance
• fibers
• loose and dense connective tissue
• elastic and reticular connection
• cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose

Question 17

Electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluid

Answer 17

• primary cation is Na
• Cl^-
• HCO₃^-
• Albumin (only in plasma)

Question 18

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 18

• Pressure of the fluid flowing through the vein that pushes the water out of capillary

Question 19

Answer 19

• squamous cell
  
  • blood vessels
  • lymph vessels
  • mesothelium (body cavities)

Question 20

Muscle

Answer 20

• smooth
• skeletal cardiac

Question 21

Increased plasma osmolality or decreased fluid volume….

(ADH)

Answer 21

Question 22

4 types of tissue

Answer 22

1. epithelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. muscle tissue
4. neural tissue

Question 23

ADH

Answer 23

• anti-diuretic hormone
  
  • prevents diuresis–keeps water

Question 24

filtration

Answer 24

reabsorption by cell

Question 25

net filtration equation

Answer 25

net filtration = K_f * [(HP_c-P_i)-σ(Π_c-Π_f)]