Fluids Flashcards
Measurement of fluid compartment size
- a known quantity of a compartment specific indicator is infused into bloodstream and allowed to disperse
- a plasma sample is then optained and indicator amount is measured
- this measurement is used to calculate compartment volume
Age, gender, and fat content regarding TBW
- Infants have little fat and higher % of TBW
- Men have less fat than women and higher % of TBW
- Older people have lower % TBW
Osmotic pressure equation
Π = M * R * T
M = molar concentration
R = universal gas constant
T = Temperature
Π = M (mOsmoles/L) * 19.3
For every one miliosmole increase in concentration, there osmotic pressure increases by 19.3 mmhg

- Columnar
- intestine
- kidney
Total body water
- 2/3 of body is H2O
- 2/3 of water is intracellular (40%, 28L)
- 1/3 of water is extracellular (20%, 14L)
- 1/4 of extracellular is plasma (5%, 3L)
- 3/4 of extracellular is interstitial (15%, 11L)
To measure plasma volume
- Evans blue dye- binds to plasma proteins
To measure TBW
- antipyrine or tritiated water- both of these will diffuse through all compartments
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Hormone
ANP/ANH

To measure ECF
- Inulin- will diffuse through plasma and ISF but cannot cross cell membranes or be metabolized because it is a large sugar
Oncotic pressure
- pressure to pull water back into the blood vessel caused by proteins (mostly albumin)

- Stratified squamous cell
- Keratinized
- skin, masticatory oral mucosa
- non-Keratinized
- esophagus, vagina, non masticatory oral mucosa
- Keratinized
Epithelial tissue
- simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers)
- squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- pseudostratified
- Structures
- Cilia- movement
- microvilli-absorption
- stereocilia- tall microvilli for absorption
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- Renal juxtaglomerular cells sense decrease in blood pressure and release renin
- Renin activates angiotensinogen to become angiotensin I.
- Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II via angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung
- Angiotensin II promotes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex causing
- renal sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure


- Cuboidal
- thyroid follicles
- stratified: sweat gland ducts
Total blood volume
- Plasma
- RBC
- hematocrit is % of RBC in the whole blood
- approx. 42% in men
- approx. 38% in women
- hematocrit is % of RBC in the whole blood
Connective tissue
- ground substance
- fibers
- loose and dense connective tissue
- elastic and reticular connection
- cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose
Electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluid
- primary cation is Na
- Cl-
- HCO3-
- Albumin (only in plasma)
Hydrostatic pressure
- Pressure of the fluid flowing through the vein that pushes the water out of capillary

- squamous cell
- blood vessels
- lymph vessels
- mesothelium (body cavities)
Muscle
- smooth
- skeletal cardiac
Increased plasma osmolality or decreased fluid volume….
(ADH)

4 types of tissue
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- neural tissue
ADH
- anti-diuretic hormone
- prevents diuresis–keeps water
filtration
reabsorption by cell
net filtration equation
net filtration = Kf * [(HPc-Pi)-σ(Πc-Πf)]