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Physiology > Endocrine Concepts > Flashcards

Endocrine Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

paracrines

A

secreted by cells into ECF and affect neighboring target cells that are different than themselves.

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2
Q

Autocrine

A

secreted by cells into ECF and affect same cells (self)

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3
Q

cytokines

A

can be autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine hormones

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4
Q

Classes of Hormones:

Polypeptides and proteins

A
  • produced on ER
  • preprohormones, cleaved to become prohormones
  • Golgi apparatus for packaging into secretory vesicles and exocytosis, usually caused by increase in Ca++
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5
Q

Classes of Hormones”

Steroids

A
  • synthesized from cholesterol
  • they are NOT stored
  • lipid soluble
    • three cyclohexyl rings and one cyclopentyl ring
  • large amounts of cholesterol in vesicles ready to mobilize
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6
Q

Classes of Hormones:

Amine Hormones

A
  • derived from Tyrosine
  • Adrenal medulla hormones
    • epi and NE formed in medulla of adrenals
    • 4x more Epi than NE
    • stored in vesicles until release by exocytosis
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7
Q

Classes of Hormones:

Thyroid hormones

A
  • Synthesized and stored in thyroid gland
  • With globulins which split and form the free hormones
  • Then they bind to plasma proteins which release the hormone to target tissues
    • protein binding acts as reservoir
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8
Q

Feedback loops

A
  • Long feedback- hypothalamus to anterior pituitary to target organ and the target organ sends a message back to shut down.
  • Short feedback- hypothalamus to anterior pituitary and back to hypothalamus
  • Ultra short feedback- stays in hypothalamus
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9
Q

What hormone is the only hormone with positive feedback?

A

Leutenizing Hormone

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10
Q

Types of cyclical variation

A
  • Periodic- monthly
  • diurnal- daily
  • seasonal
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11
Q

Which types of hormones are water soluble and transported dissolved in plasma

A

peptides

catechols

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12
Q

Which types of hormones are transported bound to plasma protein

A

steroid

thyroid

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13
Q

Which hormones bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell membrane?

A

proteins

catechols

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14
Q

Which hormones bind to the target cell receptor in the cell cytoplasm

A

steroids

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15
Q

Which hormone binds at the target cell receptor cite in the cell nucleus?

A

thyroid

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16
Q

How are receptors regulated?

A
  • increased hormone concentration will cause a down regulation of receptors
    • caused by inactivation of some of the receptor molecules
    • inactivation of some of the intracellular protein signalingmolecules
    • temporary sequestration of the receptor to the inside of the cell, away from the site of action
    • destruction of receptors by lysosomes
    • decreased production of receptors
17
Q

Enzyme linked hormones

A
  • Hormone binds to the outside of an enzyme
  • catalytic binding site on inside
  • enzyme is activated (sometimes inactivated) by hormone binding.
18
Q

Intracellular hormones and activation of genes

A
  • lipid soluble hormones (such as steroid, thyroid, etc bind to receptors inside the cell instead of on membrane.
  • once hormone has activated the hormone receptor complex, it binds directly to DNA and activates or represses transcription.
  • **thyroid hormones activate directly with receptors in nucleus and increase metabolic activi
19
Q

Types of second messengers

A

cAMP

Calcium and associated Calmodulin

products of membrane phospholipid breakdown

20
Q

How does the Ca++ calmodulin system work?

A
  1. Calcium enters cell (by ligand or changing membrane potential.)
  2. Calcium ions bind with calmodulin
  3. Calmodulin changes shape and activates or inhibits protein kinases

***Ca/calmodulin system is a 2nd messenger

21
Q
A
22
Q

Gq

Phospholipase C Examples

(IP3)

A
  1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  2. thyrotropin releasing hormone
  3. growth hormone releasing hormone
  4. corticotropin releasing hormone
  5. angiotensin II
  6. Antidiuretic hormone (V1 receptor)
  7. Oxytocin
  8. Alpha- Andrenergic agonists

Going to go carefully agains all other advice.

23
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase

(cAMP) examples

A
  1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  2. leutenizing hormone
  3. follicle stimulating hormone
  4. ADH (V2 receptor)
  5. parathyroid hormone
  6. calcitonin
  7. glucagon
  8. B-Andrenergic agonists

Autumn leaves falling and preparing christmas gifts beautifully

24
Q

G Protein coupled recepts

IP3

A
  1. Ligand attaches to receptor on G protein
  2. Alpha portion of G protein is released and activates Phospholipase C
  3. Phospholipase C liberates diacycglycerol (DAG) and IP3 from membrane lipids.
  4. IP3 mobilizes Ca++ from the endoplasmic reticulum
    1. The Ca++ and diacycglycerol (DAG) activate protein kinase C which phosphorylates proteins and causes specific physiologic actions
26
Q

Cytoplasmic/Nuclear Receptor (mostly steriods)

examples

A

taking steriods can give you “roid rage” so *insert NY accent*… PETTA Can Curse (dirty..)

  • P - progesterone
  • E - Estradiol (estrogen)
  • T - Testosterone
  • T - Thyroid horomones (t3/t4)
  • A- Aldosterone
  • Can - Cortisol
  • Curse (dirty) - Calcitrol (vit D)
27
Q

Tyrosine Kinase

examples

A

“Tyrone kindly explained that he likes to be ‘in da sun’.. says it helps him grow”

“in da sun” = Insulin

” likes” = IGFs (insulin-like growth factors)

“grow” = Growth horomones

28
Q

Guanalyate Cylase

examples

A

“Another Bad Night Out in GUAM”

(all vasodialators:)

  • Another = ANP
  • Bad = BNP
  • Night Out = Nitric Oxide
  • in GUAM= sounds like guanalyate
29
Q
A

Physiology (31 decks)

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