MOLBIO LEC Flashcards
The term “molecular biologyˮ was coined by him in recognition of the importance of new physical and structural chemical approaches to biology
WARREN WEAVER
work on transmission of inheritable traits –Law of Aggregation & Law of Independent Assortment
– Father of Modern Genetics
GREGOR MENDEL
discovery of “nucleinˮ a new molecule from the cell nucleus and believed that proteins were the molecules of heredity, in 1869.
FRIEDEICH MIESCHER
studying two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that varied dramatically in both their appearance and their virulence. Specifically, the highly virulent S strain had a smooth capsule (polysaccharide), while the nonvirulent R strain lacked a capsule.
FREDERICK GRIFFITH
found that mice inoculated with either the heat-killed virulent bacteria or the living avirulent bacteria remained free of infection, but mice inoculated with a mixture of both became infected and died.
FREDERICK GRIFFITH
hypothesized that a chemical component from the virulent S cells had somehow transformed the R cells into the more virulent S form
FREDERICK GRIFFITH
In1944, they used a process of elimination to identify the transforming principle
OSWALD AVERY
COLIN MCLEOD
MACLYNN MCCARTY
Conclusion: Transformation cannot occur unless DNA is present. Therefore, DNA must be the hereditary material.
TRUE
prove that DNA is the transforming principle and not protein using series of experiments involving T2 bacteriophages.
ALFRED HERSHEY AND MARTHA CHASE
are viruses that infect bacteria T2 bacteriophage infects E. coli) and widely used for studying genetic transmission.
Bacteriophages
consists
both of protein and DNA
which can be selectively
incorporated by radioactive
bacterial infection. 32-phosphate for DNA and 35-sulfur for protein).
T2 bacteriophage
The elucidation of the double helical nature of DNA must be attributed to the contributions of key scientists
MEISHER
LEVENE
CHARGAFF
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
RAYMOND GOSLING
X-ray crystallography
discover the order of the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)
discover the carbohydrate component of RNA (ribose)
discover the carbohydrate component of DNA (deoxyribose)
● first to correctly identify the way RNA and DNA molecules are put together
PHOEBUS LEVENE
the nucleotide composition of DNA
varies among species
almost all DNA-no matter what
organism or tissue type it comes from maintains certain properties even composition varies (“Chargaff Rulesˮ)
ERWIN CHARGAFF
was offered a 3-year research scholarship to help set-up and improve the X-ray Crystallography unit at Kingʼs College.
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
they were able to generate two sets of high-resolution photos of crystallized DNA fibers
RAYMOND GOSLING
Franklin deduced that basic dimensions of DNA strands, and that the phosphates were on the outside, probably hinting like a helical structure.
TRUE
contributed to Watson and Crickʼs derivation of the 3-dimensional, double helical model of the structure of DNA.
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
RAYMOND GOSLING
MAURICE WILKINS
unsung hero of the double helix who recruited Franklin
JOHN RANDALL
provided experimental proof of semiconservative replication by inventing “density gradient centrifugationˮ – which uses centrifugal force to separate molecules based on densities.
MATTHEW MESELSON
FRANKLIN STAHL
In 1958, he enunciated the concept of “Central Dogma of Molecular Biologyˮ based on their findings of DNA structure
FRANCIS CRICK
he utilized fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, as model organisms to study the interaction and hereditary process between the gene and the chromosomes.
The first person to link the inheritance of a specific trait with a particular chromosome Chromosome theory)
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN
he studied the hereditary characteristics of fruit flies, and in 1927, discovered that the number of genetic mutations observed in fruit flies increased when exposed to x-rays.
HERMANN J. MULLER
