GLOSSARY Flashcards
1
Q
hyphae that grows above or outward from the surface of an agar medium or substrate; the visible colony
A
aerial hyphae
2
Q
Gelatinous substance used as a culture medium to grow microorganisms
A
Agar
3
Q
Gelatinous substance used as a culture medium to grow microorganisms
A
Agar
4
Q
polysaccharide from seaweed extract Genera Gelidium and Gracilaria) that consists of alternating BD-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose units of agarobiose. It is used popularly as a medium for electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. In general, the higher its concentration the smaller the pore size. Concentration ranges from 0.5% - 2%
A
Agarose
5
Q
asexual (imperfect) state or form of a fungus.
A
Anamorph
6
Q
this a step in PCR when the temperature is lowered to allow DNA primers to attach to a given DNA template.
A
Annealing
7
Q
Temp of annealing
A
50-56
8
Q
fungus that preferentially grows on human rather than animals or the soil. A dermatophyte where human/people is the primary reservoir
A
Anthropophilic
9
Q
conidium released by fragmentation or by separation that occurs at the septum of cells of hypha.
A
arthroconidium
10
Q
fruiting body within which asci form
A
ascocarp
11
Q
saclike cells where ascospores develop
A
ascus
12
Q
hypha without crosswalls
A
aseptate
13
Q
antimicrobial that can kill a microorganism
A
bactericidal
14
Q
a virus that infects bacterial cells
A
Bacteriophage
15
Q
An arrangement observed in Aspergillus spp. where a secondary phialide develops from a primary phialide, forming two series of phialides.
A
Biseriate
16
Q
conidia formed by budding process along a hypha, pseudhypha, or in a single cell, as seen in yeasts.
A
Blastoconidia
17
Q
nutrient-rich medium used to isolate fastidious fungi
A
Brain heart infusion
18
Q
concentration of an antimicrobial that defines if the particular microbial species is susceptible or resistant to the antimicrobial.
A
breakpoint
19
Q
liquid medium containing nutrients used to grow microorganisms
A
Broth
20
Q
type of asexual reproduction commonly found in yeasts. An oval shaped “pushed outˮ or outgrowth from parent cell
A
Bud
21
Q
colorless dye that binds to chitin and cellulose of fungi that fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light
A
Calcofluor white
22
Q
proteinaceous coat that protects the viral genome
A
Capsid
23
Q
hyaline mucopolysaccharide covering the cell body of certain yeasts
A
Capsule
24
Q
Also known as chlamydospores, there are enlarged, thick walled round conidia. These conidia can be present at the end of the hypha (terminal), on the sides (sessile) or in between the hypha (intercalary)
A
chlamydoconidia
25
swollen, thick-walled resistant spore that do not reproduce
chlamydospore
26
club-shaped
Clavate
27
hyphal structures without septa
coenocytic
28
remnant of a cell wall present at the tip of a phialide, or around a sporangiophore
Collarette
29
growth of an organism in a host without causing infection or tissue invasion
Colonization
30
distinct characteristics of a microbial colony that are visibly observed on the surface of a nutrient medium
Colony morphology
31
sterile dome-like structure at the tip of a sporangiophore or within a sporangium.
columella (pl. columellae) -
32
serologic procedure used to determine complement fixing antibody to fungal antigens
complement fixation
33
pertains to a type of growth on the agar surface wherein it is continuous, uniform, and the colonies are not discrete or separated; there should be no individual colonies growing on the surface.
confluent -
34
cell that gives rise to a conidium.
conidiogenous cell -
35
reproductive propagule produced in the absence of nuclear recombination, thus representing anamorphic or asexual reproduction.
conidium (pl. conidia)
36
specialized hypha that gives rise to or bears a conidium.
conidiophore
37
method of propagating microorganisms by supporting their growth using culture media and controlled environmental conditions
cultivation
38
distinct visible visual changes in the infected cells caused by a viral toxin or infection
cytopathic effect
39
Distinct visible visual changes in the infected cells caused by a viral toxin or infection
cytopathic effect
40
an infection of cutaneous tissue (hair, skin, and nails) caused by the keratinophilic fungi other than those of the dermatophytes
Dermatomycosis
41
a fungi that invades the keratinized part of the hair, nail, and skin.
dermatophyte
42
a fungus having brown or black melanotic pigment in the cell wall.
dematiaceous
43
this initial stage in PCR allows separation of the double-stranded DNA into two single strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds that exists between the nucleotide base pairs
Denaturation
44
Temp ranges from 94-95
Denaturation
45
fungi having two morphologic form under different growth conditions
Dimorphic
46
elimination or reduction of microorganisms that may cause disease.
disinfection
47
mou molecular weight size-marker, this is a set of predetermined DNA fragment sizes from where unknown bands are compared to identify the approximate size and concentration of a DNA fragment after running gel electrophoresis.
DNA LADDER
48
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), they represent the essential building blocks of nucleic acid molecules that are necessary components of PCR mixes during amplification. Four known types of dNTP are recognized, each with a unique DNA base: adenine (dATP), cytosine (dCTP), guanine (dGTP), and thymine (dTTP).
dNTPs
49
disease which occurs in a limited geographic area.
endemic
50
3,8- Diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium, is a non-radioactive but carcinogenic DNA stain. Distinct red-orange fluorescence under UV light suggests the presence of ds-DNA.
ethidium bromide EtBr
51
agent causing the infection or disease
etiologic agent
52
this is a step in PCR when the temperature is increased and the new DNA strand is formed through the action of Taq polymerase. Temperature is usually set at 72°C.
extension
53
a property wherein a particle is able to pass through a membrane filter that will prevent the transmission of bacteria
filterable
54
property wherein a particle is able to pass through a membrane filter that will prevent the transmission of bacteria
filterable
55
cottony or wooly. Type of texture formed by large quantities of aerial hyphae usually arranged in a tangled manner.
floccose
56
aka 5' primers, these are PCR primers that are complementary to the anti-sense strand of ds-DNA and therefore responsible for its amplification. It occurs at the 5' end of the PCR product. Primarily, it anneals to the antisense strand or negative strand of the double-stranded DNA which runs from 3' to 5' direction. Antisense strand or the coding strand serves as the template strand for the synthesis of mRNA.
forward primer
57
presence of fungi in the blood. The most common agent of fungemia is Candida albicans
fungemia
58
capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi
fungicidal
59
capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi
fungicidal
60
refers to the range of different inherited
traits within a species
genetic diversity
61
Soil-seeking, earth-loving. A dermatophyte having soil as its primary reservoir.
geophilic
62
Soil-seeking, earth-loving. A dermatophyte having soil as its primary reservoir.
geophilic
63
an elongated or tube-like structure that emerges from a spore, with no constriction at the point of origin. The presence of germ tubes can be used to presumptively identify the presence of Candida albicans.
germ tube
64
an elongated or tube-like structure that emerges from a spore, with no constriction at the point of origin. The presence of germ tubes can be used to presumptively identify the presence of Candida albicans.
germ tube
65
biological agents that can potentially cause harm to humans and animals when exposed.
hazards
66
adherence of red blood cells on a virally infected cell culture.
hemadsorption
67
an acronym for High Efficiency Particulate Air) a mechanical filter that is capable of trapping and removing particles and microorganisms from the air.
HEPA
68
a member of the human Herpesviridae family that can cause oral and genital infections.
HSV
69
microscopic structures are clear or colorless.
hyaline
70
vegetative filament of a fungus.
hypha (pl. hyphae)
71
serologic test based on precipitation reaction to determine the presence of antibody to fungal antigen by double diffusion technique in gel medium.
immunodiffusion
72
refers to a personʼs complete set of chromosomes.
karyotype
73
simple serologic procedure wherein the antibody formed following a fungal disease is detected through the clumping of antigen coated particles.
latex agglutination
74
commercially available or laboratory prepared solutions used to standardize the approximate amount of bacteria or fungi in a liquid suspension
McFarland standard
75
a.k.a. candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by a yeast, Candida albicans.
moniliasis
76
fungal colonies composed of hyphae.
mould or mold
77
like a wall; multicellular, with both transverse and longitudinal septations.
muriform
78
colony with hyphae that do not produce conidia or spores
mycelia sterilia
79
mass of hyphae making up a fungus colony.
mycelium
80
pertaining to fungi
mycotic
81
clear zone of lysis due to successive infection of host cells by a virus
plaque
82
presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that happen among different individuals or populations. SNP or single nucleotide polymorphism is the most common type.
polymorphisms
83
general purpose basal medium made from potato infusion and dextrose used to isolate yeasts and molds
potato dextose agar
84
set of media inoculated from the specimen
primary culture
85
referring to the surface
obverse
86
place where the fungus is found in nature.
reservoir
87
the microbe is able to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial
resistant
88
the microbe is able to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial
RESISTANT
89
aka 3' primers, these primers are complementary to the sense or the (+) strand of the ds-DNA and therefore responsible for its amplification. It occurs at the 3' end of the PCR product. Primarily, it anneals to the sense strand or positive strand of the double-stranded DNA, which runs from 5' to 3' direction. The sense strand is complementary to the template strand and therefore, it is known as the anticoding strand.
REVERSE PRIMER
90
rootlike structures that anchors the fungus to the substrate and also utilized in the absorption
rhizoids
91
culture medium primarily used for fungal cultivation and isolation of dermatophytes
saboraud dextrose agar
92
an organism which requires organic material as a source of energy.
saprobe
93
the ability to detect all patients with a specific disease.
sensitivity
94
having cross walls or partitions.
septate
95
reproductive propagule produced internally by “free cellˮ formation, as in the ascomycete, i.e., complete spores formed all at once around the nuclei available or by "progressive cleavage" as in a sporangium.
spore
96
destruction of all life forms, including the bacterial spores.
sterilization
97
horizontal hypha from which hyphae, rhizoids or sporangiophore develop.
stolon
98
material on which the fungus is growing.
substrate
99
or also known as sensitive. The microbe is unable
to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial.
susceptible
100
thermostable DNA polymerase used during PCR amplification. It can withstand high temperatures without being denatured. It is extremely heat resistant with a half-life of 40 minutes at 95°C. It is derived from a heat tolerant bacterium, Thermus aquaticus. It is also abbreviated as Taq pol.
taq polymerase
101
used to preserve the integrity of the specimen from the time of collection up to the laboratory processing
transport medium
102
equipment used to visualize target DNAs and proteins by emitting high levels of ultraviolet rays through the viewing surface
UV transilluminator
103
human herpes virus that can cause the highly contagious chickenpox.
VZV
104
capable of inactivating or destroy viruses
virucidal
105
predominantly a unicellular fungus, usually round or
ovoid, that reproduces by budding.
yeast
106
culture medium that is useful for yeast identification made from peptone and yeast extract
yeast fermentation broth -
107
culture medium that is useful for yeast identification made from peptone and yeast extract
yeast fermentation broth -
108
a circular area surrounding the antibiotic disk showing no visible inoculum
zone of inhibition
109
a circular area surrounding the antibiotic disk showing no visible inoculum
zone of inhibition
