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Immunology and Microbiology > Module 9 part 1 > Flashcards

Module 9 part 1 Flashcards

Staph, Strep, and Neisseria

1
Q

Which is catalase positive or negative: Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

A

Staph is cat positive and strep is cat negative

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2
Q

What is the alpha, beta, and gamma classification of Streptococcus

A

hemolysis on a blood agar plate: alpha is partial hemolysis, beta is complete hemolysis, and gamma is no hemolysis

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3
Q

What are Lancefield antigens?

A

A, B, C, D, E through S. Characteristics of the C carbohydrate

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4
Q

how many species of Strep are human pathogens?

A

5

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5
Q

What is the Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci (GAS)?

A

Strep pyogenes

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6
Q

what are the antigenic components of the Strep pyogenes cell wall?

A

C carbohydate and M protein

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7
Q

What is the major virulence factor for GAS?

A

M protein

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8
Q

What inhibits the activation of complement and protects GAS from phagocytosis?

A

M protein

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9
Q

What enzymes contribute to GAS pathogenicity?

A

Streptolysin O and S, pyrogenic exotoxin, and Streptokinase

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10
Q

What antigenic enzyme destroys RBCs and WBCs

A

Streptolysin O

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11
Q

What enzyme is the principal factor for beta-hemolysis?

A

Streptolysin S

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12
Q

what toxin is also known as erythrogenic toxin and causes scarlet fever and TSS?

A

pyrogenic exotoxin

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13
Q

What enzyme activates plasminogen to lyse fibrin clots?

A

Streptokinase

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14
Q

What helps diagnose strep in the throat?

A

culture and rapid antigen test

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15
Q

pustule on the extremity or face that breaks down after 4-6 days to form a thick crust

A

pyoderma

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16
Q

infection of the dermis

A

erysipelas

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17
Q

Treatment for strep infections

A

penicillin and clindamycin

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18
Q

How do penicillin and clindamycin treat Strep?

A

they inhibit the bacterial ribosome and shut down protein syntehsis of pyrogenic toxin and M protein

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19
Q

What disease caused by GAS is a delayed antibody mediated disease?

A

Rheumatic fever

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20
Q

What disease caused by GAS causes immune responses against M protein that can cross-react with heart tissue due to molecular mimicry?

A

Rheumatic fever

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21
Q

antibody mediated inflammatory disease of glomeruli that occurs about a week after regular strep infection, where antibody-antigen complexes depossit in kidneys and result in damage from complement and PMN

A

acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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22
Q

best antibiotic for GAS pharyngitis

A

penicillin

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23
Q

antibiotics used for GAS pharyngitis patients who are not compliant with oral meds or have family history of rheumatic fever

A

1st gen cephalosporins, erythromycin, and azithromycin

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24
Q

What is Group B beta-hemolytic Strep also known as?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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25
What bacteria is most commonly associated with pregnant women and babies?
Group B Strep
26
3 bacteria most commonly associated with neonatal meningitis
E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and group B Strep
27
Strep mitis, salivarius, mutans, and anginosus are all part of what group?
Viridans
28
What group of Streptococci represent more than 30% of bacteria from the mouth?
Viridans
29
What hemolytic group are the viridans streptococci?
alpha-hemolytic
30
What are the 3 main types of infections resulting from viridans Strep?
dental infections (esp S. mutans), endocarditis (esp subacute bacterial endocarditis, SBE), and abscesses (anginosus group strep)
31
What 3 bacteria are causes of abscesses?
Anginosus group: S. intermedius, S. constellatus, and S. anginosus
32
How to remember which bacteria cause abscesses
Strep intermedius and anginosus- immediately assess for abscess
33
What bacteria can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis?
viridans strep, Staph aureus, and group D strep
34
2 subgroups of Group D strep
enterococcus and non-enterococcus
35
What are the enterococcal bacteria?
Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium
36
What are the non-enterococcal bacteria?
Strep bovis and Strep equinus
37
What hemolytic group are enterococci
alpha or gamma
38
What bacteria are resistant to ampicillin plus aminoglycoside, and now also vanc?
Enterococci
39
50% of people with S. bovis bacteremia also have what?
colonic malignancy
40
What group of bacteria grow in bile but not salt?
non-enterococcal Group D strep
41
what do Strep pneumoniae look like?
diplococci
42
major virulence factor for Strep pneumoniae
polysaccharide capsule
43
What are some other virulence factors for Strep pneumoniae?
capsule, pneumolysin, hydrogen peroxide, IgA1 protease, neruaminidase, adhesins
44
How are Strep pneumoniae identified?
it's alpha-hemolytic, sensitive to optochin (aka P disc), reactive under Quellung reaction, and lysed by bile acids
45
Diseases caused by Strep pneumoniae
pneumococcal pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, bacterial meningitis
46
3 major pathogenic Staph species
Staph aureus, epidermidis, and saprophyticus
47
How to differentiate Staph and Strep
Staph are clustered while Strep is in chains. Staph are catalase positive. Culture is not always most helpful, but Staph aureus is beta hemolytic, golden on SBA, and coagulase positive
48
what surrounds the peptidoglycan wall of Staph aureus
microcapsule
49
Protein that binds the Fc portion of IgG and protects bacteria from opsonization
Protein A
50
protein that leads to fibrin formation around bacteria and protects from phagocytosis
coagulase
51
proteins that destroy red blood cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and platelets
hemolysins
52
proteins that destroy leukocytes
leukocidins
53
secreted form of beta-lactamase that disrupts the beta-lactam ring of penicillin
Penicillinase
54
protein also called transpeptidase, and necessary for peptidoglycan formation
novel penicillin binding protein (PBP)
55
protein that breaks down proteoglycans in connective tissue
hyaluronidase
56
protein that lyses fibirin clots that's released from Staph
staphylokinase
57
protein that facilitates Staph aureus colonization in sebaceous glands
lipase
58
diffusable exotoxin that causes skin to slough off (condition called scalded skin syndrome)
exofoliatin
59
exotoxins that cause food poisoning
enterotoxins
60
more deadly analogue to pyrogenic toxin from strep
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)
61
What are some diseases caused by exotoxin release from Staph aureus?
food poisoning, TSS, scalded skin syndrome
62
What are some diseases caused by direct organ invasion of Staph aureus?
pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, acute bacterial endocarditis, septic arthritis, skin infection, bacteremia/sepsis, and UTIs
63
sudden-onset/acute endocarditis results from what bacteria?
Staph aureus
64
2 skin infections caused by Strep pyogenes and Staph aureus
cellulitis and impetigo
65
folliculitis that penetrates into subcutaneous tissue
Furuncle
66
Even worse version of a furuncle
carbuncle
67
Common bacteria causing catheter infections
Staph aureus
68
What do staphylococci secrete that makes them penicillin resistant?
penicillinase
69
What gives Staph aureus methicillin resistance?
acquisition of a chromosomal DNA segment, mecA, that encodes for a new PBP 2A
70
How does MRSA pass its resistance genes?
via transposons
71
What treats MRSA?
Vanc
72
What causes community acquired MRSA?
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) toxin that causes skin abscesses
73
What do VISA and VRSA stand for?
Vancomycin intermediate Staph aureus and Vanc resistant Staph aureus
74
what indicates resistance of Staph aureus to all glycopeptide antibiotics?
VISA
75
MIC for VISA
8-16 micrograms/mL
76
MIC for VRSA
more than 32 micrograms/mL
77
modified DNA transposon found in VRSA
vanA
78
What bacteria is normally found on the body, responsible for biofilms on catheters, IVs, implants, and prostheses?
Staph epidermidis
79
Difference in identifying Staph aureus vs epidermidis
Staph epidermidis is coagulase neg
80
Second most common cause of UTIs in women
Staph saprophyticus
81
Only pathogenic gram-neg cocci
Neisseria
82
What do Neisseria look like?
diplococci, and each are shaped like kidney beans
83
2 pathogenic species of Neisseria in humans
Neisseria meningitidis and gonorroheae
84
virulence factors for Neisseria meningitidis
capsule, endotoxin (LOS), IgA1 protease, pili
85
infectious serogroups of N. meningitidis
A, B, and C
86
High risk groups for Neisseria meningitidis
infants 6 months to 2 years, army recruits, and college freshmen
87
How does Neisseria meningitidis spread
via respiratory secretions from an asymptomatic person's nose
88
particular symptom special for meningococcemia
petechial rash
89
Type of meningitis with septic shock, adrenal hemorrhage and insufficiency, rapid hypotension, tachycardia and petichiae
fulminant meningococcemia
90
2 bacterai that cause meningitis later in life
Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae
91
Classic medium for Neisseria culture
Thayer Martin VCN media
92
What is Thayer Martin VCN media?
chocolate agar with antibotics: vancomycin, colistin (kills gram neg except neisseria) and Nystatin (kills fungi)
93
treatment for meningococcus
Penicillin G or ceftriaxone
94
second most commonly transmitted sexual infection
gonorrhoea
95
Virulence factors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pilus, outer membrane protein porins (PorA and PorB), Opa proteins
96
symptoms of gonococcal disease in men
urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, urethral strictures
97
treatment for gonorrhea
ceftriaxone
98
symptoms of gonococcal disease in women
burning during urination and prurulent urethral discharge
99
What can gonococcal infection progress to in women?
PID, including endometritis, salpingitis, and oophoritis
100
complications of PID
sterility, ectopic pregnancy, abscesses, peritonitis, peri-hepatitis
101
Symptoms of gonococcal infection in infants
opthalmia neonatorum (gonococcal conjunctivitis) which can damage the cornea and cause blindness
102
How are neonatal gonorrhea and chlamydia eye infections treated?
erythromycin eye drops
103
Treatment for gonococcal infections
Penicillin G and sulfonamides previously, now often ceftriaxone and single dose of azithromycin

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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