Module 7 Flashcards
Transplants
What kind of B cells are necessary for vaccines to generate?
high affinity, isotype switched memory B cells
Examples of passive immunity
injection of preformed antibodies (like antivenom) and IVIG and transferred from mother to baby
examples of active immunity
immunity after infection or vaccination
Which immunization route generates both IgG and IgA antibodies?
mucosal route
Which kind of immunity is from a protective effector immune response and lymphocyte memory?
Active immunity
what type of T cell kills virally infected cells?
Cytotoxic T cells/ CD8 T cells
these molecules bind a pathogen or toxin and prevent its interaction with a target cell
Neutralizing antibodies
When are neutralizing antibodies expecially important?
When the target cell is part of the CNS and could result in neuronal damage\
Which form of vaccine elicits a humoral AND cell mediated response and stimulates CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
live/attenuated vaccines
Which form of vaccine is best for immunocompromised individuals?
nonviable vaccines
Which form of vaccine stimulates humoral immunity (B cells and antibodies) and CD4+ T cells
nonviable vaccines
Which type of vaccine is made of capsular polysaccharides of certain bacteria?
Polysaccharide vaccines
Which type of vaccine is made of polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a protein?
Conjugate vaccine
Type of vaccine that creates T-dependent B cell activation
Conjugate vaccine
Most potent type of vaccine
live attenuated vaccines
Vaccine type that is genetically recombined
subunit/component vaccines
What kind of vaccine is the Hepatitis B vaccine?
a subunit vaccine
substances that increase the immunogenicity of antigens
adjuvants
How do adjuvants increase immunogenicity?
prolonging antigen persistence at the injection site, induce inflammation at the injection site, enhance costimulatory signals to promote lymphocyte activation
Commonly used adjuvant in the US
alum
Example of adjuvant-containing vaccine
Dtap (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis)
transplant between sites on the same person
autograft
transplant between genetically identical individuals
isograft/syngenic graft
transplant between unrelated individuals of the same species
allograft
transplant between different species
xenograft
Major alloantigen for most tissues
MHC I
How long does an allograft rejection take to occur?
10-13 days due to cell-mediated responses
4 paths to transplant rejection
hyperacute, acute (direct and indirect allorecognition) and chronic
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is similar to a hyperacute transplant rejection?
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Which type of transplant rejection is associated with pre-formed antibodies
hyperacute
Which type of transplant rejection is associated with donor APCs activating recipient T cells
Direct allorecognition
Which type of transplant rejection is associated with Recipient APCs activating their own T cells
indirect allorecognition
Which type of transplant rejection is immune-complex mediated
chronic
How to remember Direct allorecognition
3 D’s: Donor APCs (passenger Dendritic cells) stimulate alloreactive recipient T cells. Depletion of graft APCs prior to transplant will slow rejection
What type of sensitivity and reaction is acute rejection?
Type IV hypersensitivity and Type II cytotoxic reaction
type of rejection where anti-endothelial cell antibodies bind all tissues and cause rapid rejection
hyperacute
Rejection caused by effector T cells responding to HLA differences between donor and recipient
Acute rejection
What can prevent acute transplant rejection?
immune suppressive therapy
Rejection caused primarily by type III hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgG bodies against HLA class I molecules of a graft
chronic transplant rejection
Fibrosis, thickened endothelium, and vessel occlusion are long term effects of what?
chronic transplant rejection
What type of cells are predominantly found in bone marrow transplants?
T cells
Disorder resulting from an HLA mismatch
Graft vs Host disease (GVHD)
What antigens are mismatched in GVHD
can be HLA, major, or minor histocompatibility complexes
highly polymorphic proteins that bind peptide antigens and present them to T cells
major histocompatibility complexx (MHC class I aka HLA I and MHC class II aka HLA II)
Which disease can occur after a bone marrow transplant
GVHD
