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Immunology and Microbiology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

All things B cells

1
Q

lymphocytes that can differentiate into plasma cells

A

B cells

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2
Q

How can B cell receptors bind antigens with high affinity?

A

B cell receptors continue to develop during repeated exposure to an antigen

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3
Q

What happens in the negetive selection step of B cell development?

A

make sure there’s not self-binding and autoimmunity

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4
Q

What happens in the positive selection step of B cell development?

A

The good non-self-binding B cells get moved to secondary lymphoid tissues to mature

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5
Q

What are the names of the various cells in B cell stages of development? Starting with Stem Cells

A

Stem cell, early pro-B cell, late pro-B cell, large pre-B cell, small pre-B cell, immature B cell

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6
Q

What do cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) do?

A

Connect stemm cells to bone marrow stromal cells

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7
Q

Major cytokine in B cell development in bone marrow

A

IL-7

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8
Q

What stage of B cell development does D-J rearranging occur?

A

early pro-B cell

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9
Q

What stage of B cell development does V-DJ rearranging occur?

A

late pro-B cell

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10
Q

Does heavy chain or light chain rearrangement occur first for B cells?

A

heavy chain

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11
Q

What happens to a pro-B cell if neither the maternal nor paternal chromosomes give productive rearrangement?

A

apoptosis

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12
Q

What ensures that B-cell receptors have a single specificity?

A

allelic exclusion

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13
Q

What results from a productive chromosomal rearrangement?

A

mu heavy chain

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14
Q

hallmark of a large pre-B cell

A

functional m chain

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15
Q

VpreB and lambda5 combine to do what?

A

form a surrogate llight chain to test the quality of the m chain

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16
Q

What stage of B cell development does light chain rearrangement occur?

A

pre-B cell

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17
Q

Which light chain rearranges first?

A

Kappa then lambda

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18
Q

Where do light chains assemble with the m chain to form membrane bound IgM?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

signals for the removal of self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow

A

negative selection

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20
Q

antigen that contains more than one epitope or more than one copy of the same epitope

A

multivalent antigen

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21
Q

process of removing self-reactive B cells from the bone marrow

A

clonal deletion

22
Q

What happens to immature B cells that bind multivalent self-antigens?

A

undergo receptor editing to try and make it usable still

23
Q

Process of inducing rearrangement, apoptosis, or anergy of self-reactive immature B cells

A

central tolerance

24
Q

What happens to monovalent self-reactive B cells?

A

anergy

25
Q

3 steps of B cell activation signaling

A

1) binding of the B cell receptor to its specific antigen, 2) crosslinking the receptor, and 3) signaling by the B cell co-receptor

26
Q

What does crosslinking do in B cell activation?

A

signals the B cell to change gene expression in the nucleus

27
Q

Where do B-1 B cells develop?

A

omentum/peritoneal and pleural cavities

28
Q

Major immunoglobulin produced by B-1 cells

A

IgM

29
Q

What 4 things does thymus-dependent B-cell activation result in?

A

somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, isotype switching, and immune memory

30
Q

what type of cell displays antigens in the primary follicle?

A

follicular dendritic cells

31
Q

Which antigens activate B cells through TLR signaling

A

TI-1 antigens

32
Q

Which antigens have repeated epitopes on their surface for crosslinking B cell receptors

A

TI-2 antigens

33
Q

Which type of B cells don’t need T cell help for activation?

A

B1 B cells

34
Q

Which B cells use activation from T helper cells to produce high affinity memory or plasma cells?

A

B2 b cells

35
Q

process that allows IgA dimer to acquire a secretory component

A

transcytosis

36
Q

What antibody is released in response to parasitic infection?

A

IgE

37
Q

Where is dimeric IgA found?

A

mucosal secretions

38
Q

This receptor transports IgG from the bloodstream to the tissues

A

FcRn

39
Q

This receptor transports IgA across epithelia for transcytosis

A

PlgR (poly-Ig receptor)

40
Q

What causes mast cells to release their granules?

A

cross linking of IgE on the mast cell surfaces

41
Q

What kinds of infection can be prevented by neutralizing antibodies?

A

bacterial and viral

42
Q

Which antibodies neutralize toxins and venom?

A

IgG and IgA

43
Q

What about IgM enhances opsonization and helps activate classical complement

A

the pentameric shape

44
Q

How many molecules of IgG are needed to activate complement?

A

two or more

45
Q

Which receptor on erythrocytes helps clear immune complexes from circulation?

A

CR1

46
Q

Which receptor on NK cells recognizes IgG-coated target cells and signals them to die?

A

Fc Receptor

47
Q

Good neutralizing antibodies

A

IgG, IgA

48
Q

Good opsonizing antibodies

A

IgG and macrophages/neutrophils

49
Q

Good complement activating antibodies

A

IgG and IgM

50
Q

Antibody that activates mast cells

A

IgE

51
Q

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) uses which antibody and which type of cell?

A

IgG and NK cells

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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