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Immunology and Microbiology > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of RNA viruses

A

Positive and negative stranded

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2
Q

Which RNA virus strand can immediately be translated?

A

positive strand

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3
Q

Which RNA virus strand cannot be immediately translated?

A

negative strand

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4
Q

What enzyme is necessary for RNA viruses to transcribe a negative strand virus?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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5
Q

What enzyme for RNA transcription do humans not possess?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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6
Q

This RNA virus can incorporate into the host genome

A

retroviruses (like HIV)

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7
Q

This is the only virus group with a dsRNA genome

A

Reoviridae (like rotavirus)

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8
Q

What type of strand do most DNA viruses have?

A

both positive and negative strands

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9
Q

What makes parvoviruses an exception to DNA virus genome rules?

A

they’re ssDNA

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10
Q

2 types of viral capsids

A

icosahedral and helical

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11
Q

What type of viruses have helical symmetry

A

RNA viruses

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12
Q

Capsid shape of rhabdoviruses (like rabies)

A

bullet shaped

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13
Q

What type of viruses have icosahedral symmetry?

A

DNA viruses

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14
Q

How do viruses acquire a viral envelope

A

by budding through a host cell nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane and taking a piece with it

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15
Q

List the DNA viruses

A

think HHAPPPy: Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Papova, Parvo, Pox

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16
Q

List the RNA viruses

A

just think it’s everything except HHAPPPy

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17
Q

4 steps of viral replication

A

adsorption and penetration, uncoating of the virus, synthesis and assembly of viral products, and release of virions from the host cell by lysis or budding

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18
Q

passage of virion from surface of the cell across the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm

A

penetration

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19
Q

cell membrane invaginating that encloses a virion in an endocytic vesicle

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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20
Q

How do some enveloped viruses, like HIV, enter a host cell?

A

membrane fusion of the viral envelope with the host plasma membrane

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21
Q

stepwise process of disassembly of a virion that enables the expression of viral genes that carry out replication

A

uncoating

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22
Q

Where do viral DNA transcription and replication occur?

A

host cell nucleus

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23
Q

What form of mRNA codes for capsid structural proteins?

A

late mRNA

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24
Q

2 problems RNA viruses encounter

A

no host cell RNA polymerase to use and usually eukaryotic mRNA only produces one polypeptide

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25
Q

Type I RNA virus replication

A

ssRNA with + polarity that replicates via complementary (-) strand intermediate

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26
Q

Type II RNA virus replication

A

ssRNA with - polarity that replicates via a complementary (+) strand intermediate

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27
Q

Type III RNA virus replication

A

Viruses with a dsRNA genome- have to have RNA dependent RNA polymerase/transcriptase in order to transcribe

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28
Q

Type IV RNA virus replication

A

ssRNA of + polarity that is replicated by a DNA intermediate (uses reverse transcriptase, or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase)

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29
Q

Assembly of RNA viral nucleocapsids happens in the:

A

cytoplasm

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30
Q

Assembly of DNA viral nucleocapsids happens in the:

A

nucleus

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31
Q

Difference in release of naked virions vs enveloped virions

A

naked are exocytosed and enveloped virions bud out

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32
Q

4 possible outcomes from viral infection in a cell

A

non permissive (virus can’t replicate or cell dies too fast), permissive (virus replicates but doesn’t do anything), latent viral state, host cell death and viral release through lytic cycle

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33
Q

viral family that includes all influenza viruses

A

orthomyxoviridae

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34
Q

viral family that includes mumps, measles, RSV, and parainfluenza

A

paramyxoviridae

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35
Q

Flu symptoms that differentiate it from a cold or other viral infection

A

muscle aches, high fever, and headaches

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36
Q

structure of orthomyxoviridae virions

A

spherical, with 8 negative stranded RNA with a nucleocapsid with helical symmetry capsid

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37
Q

2 types of glycoprotein spikes on orthomyxoviridae

A

hemagglutinin activity (HA) and neuraminidase activity (NA)

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38
Q

What does hemagglutinin attach to?

A

sialic acid receptors on the surface of erythrocytes

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39
Q

What does neuraminidase do?

A

cleaves neuraminic acid and disrupts the mucin barrier, exposing sialic acid binding sites underneath it

40
Q

What is critical for the release of newly formed virions from an infected host cell?

A

neuraminidase

41
Q

What protein forms a proton channel and depends on host cell nuclear functions to be transcribed?

A

flu M2 protein

42
Q

What type of influenza affects humans and animals?

43
Q

small changes in HA or NA of influenza that make it slightly different

A

antigenic drift

44
Q

When 2 influenza strains co-infect the same cell, what can happen?

A

RNA segments can be mispackaged into the wrong virus and makes a new viral serotype. Called Antigenic Shift

45
Q

Trading of RNA segments between animal and human flu strains

A

antigenic shift

46
Q

most common cause of human flu

47
Q

Oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir are what kind of drugs?

A

antivirals to treat type A flu that are NA inhibitors

48
Q

Serotype of bird flu

49
Q

Differences between paramyxoviridae and orthomyxoviridae structure

A

for para, NA and HA are on the same glycoprotein spike, not two separate ones

50
Q

What protein of paramyxoviridae causes infected host cells to fuse into giant multinucleated cells?

A

fusion protein

51
Q

What protein causes the formation of syncytial cells?

52
Q

What does RSV lack compared to other paramyxoviridae

A

lacks both HA and NA

53
Q

What virus most frequently affects the parotid glad and testes?

54
Q

What virus has a prodrome period?

55
Q

small red lesions with blue-white centers found in the mouth due to Measles infection

A

Koplik’s spots

56
Q

rash that spreads across the entire body with high fever is characteristic of what virus?

57
Q

treatments for measles

A

post-exposure vaccination and immune serum globulin

58
Q

Acute viral hepatitis types

A

HAV, HBV, HCV, and HDV

59
Q

Chronic viral hepatitis types

A

HBC, HCV, and HDV

60
Q

Hepatitis type with positive single stranded RNA

61
Q

Diagnosis of hepatitis

A

IgM shows acute infection, igG shows old infection and protective abs

62
Q

structure of HBV

A

hepadnavirus- DNA

big virus with enveloped capsid and circular dsDNA

63
Q

marker for active HBV infection

64
Q

methods of transmission of HBV

A

mother to baby, sexual, and parenteral

65
Q

Severe acute hepatitis w rapid liver destruction

A

fulminant hepatitis

66
Q

Disease states caused by HBV

A

acute, fulminant, and chronic

67
Q

leading cause of chronic hepatitis

68
Q

Which hepatitis form needs another hepatitis form in order to infect?

69
Q

What does HDV need in order to infect?

70
Q

3 main concepts of retroviridae

A

retro, grow, and blow

71
Q

capsid proteins of HIV

A

p24, p17, p9 and p7

72
Q

2 HIV lipid membrane proteins

A

gp120 and gp41

73
Q

3 HIV viral proteins essential for replication

A

RT, protease, and integrase

74
Q

Diagnostic tests for HDV infection

A

delta antigen and anti-HDV ab

75
Q

Antibodies against HBsAg is protective against what?

A

HBV and HDV

76
Q

Asymptomatic carriers of HBV never develop what antibodies?

A

anti-HBsAg

77
Q

IgM anti-HBcAg is used to detect what?

A

new HBV infection

78
Q

IgG anti-HBcAg is used to detect what?

A

old HBV infection

79
Q

HbeAg is used to detect what?

A

High infectivity of HBV

80
Q

anti-HBeAg is used to detect what?

A

low infectivity of HBV

81
Q

Genome across all RNA retroviruses

A

2 LTRs, gag, pol, and env genes

82
Q

Genes that flank whole viral genome

A

Long terminal repeat sequences (LTRs)

83
Q

2 functions of retrovirus LTRs

A

Sticky ends (insert into host DNA) and promoter/enhancer (bind to LTRs and modify viral DNA transcription)

84
Q

What does gp120 bind to on cell surface?

A

CD4 molecule on surface of T cells, macrophages, and microglia

85
Q

What does gp41 do?

A

mediates fusion of the HIV viral envelope with the cell plasma membrane allowing viral contents to enter

86
Q

What are CXCR4 (fusin) and CCR5 required for?

A

they’re cofactors required for HIV entry into T cells and macrophages

87
Q

this HIV cofactor enhances the entry of T cell line-tropic HIV isolates

A

CXCR4 (fusin)

88
Q

This HIV cofactor is specific for macrophage line-tropic HIV isolates

89
Q

Immune response where an infected person first exhibiting detectable levels of anti-HIV abs in their blood serum

A

seroconversion

90
Q

Clinical significance of HIV infection

A

T-cell death, multinucleated giant T cells, hypergammaglobulinemia from B lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages span BBB

91
Q

Individuals infected with HIV but show no signs of disease progression for 12+ years

A

long term non progressors

92
Q

individuals repeatedly exposed to HIV but never become infected

A

highly exposed persistently seronegatives

93
Q

Therapies under HAART

A

AZT, non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors

94
Q

Transmission route of Ebola

A

person-to-person contact

95
Q

What does SARS-CoV-2 bind to?

A

ACE2 receptors

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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