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Immunology and Microbiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

Anti- BODY

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1
Q

What are the 4 functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotozicity (ADCC)

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2
Q

What are the isotypes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of Light chains?

A

Kappa and lambda

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4
Q

What are the 2 regions on lt chains

A

constant and variable

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5
Q

Which part of an antibody determines the class/isotype?

A

Heavy chains

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6
Q

Heavy chain on IgG

A

gamma chain

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7
Q

Heavy chain on IgM

A

mu chain

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8
Q

A unique AA sequence that is common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species

A

isotype

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9
Q

minor variations of isotype sequences that are present in some individuals but not others

A

allotypes

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10
Q

How does antibody cleavage by papain differ from pepsin

A

Papain takes off the top and splits the disulfide bond, while pepsin does not cleave the disulfide bond

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11
Q

Which part of an antibody determines the function?

A

the Fc (fraction crystallized) region

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12
Q

Which part of an antibody determines the specificity?

A

the Fab (fragment antigen binding) region

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13
Q

What is useful for treating overdoses (like digoxin) and as antivenom?

A

Fab fragments

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14
Q

fraction of serum separated by electrophoresis that is enriched with antibody

A

gammaglobulin

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15
Q

Bence Jones proteins are also known as what?

A

Light chains

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16
Q

Which two kinds of antibodies can be found as monomers?

A

IgG and IgE

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17
Q

Which two kinds of antibodies can be found in multimers with J chain?

A

IgM and IgA

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18
Q

What is the main kind of immunoglobulin found in serum?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which antibody can fix complement, opsonize, bind to cells for ADCC, neutralize toxins and viruses, and participate in agglutination and precipitation rxns?

A

IgG

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20
Q

How dcan macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils be so efficient in phagocytosis?

A

They have IgG Fc receptors

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21
Q

Which immunoglobulin diffuses into extravascular spaces best?

A

IgG

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22
Q

What is IgM also known as?

A

Macroglobulin

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23
Q

Where is IgM mostly found?

A

Intravascular pool

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24
Q

Which immunoglobulin best triggers the classical complement pathway?

A

IgM

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25
Q

Which immunoglobulin is best for agglutination reactions?

A

IgM

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26
Q

Which immunoglobulin is made in plasma cells and found mostly in MALT?

A

secretory IgA

27
Q

What has 5 Ig-like domains derived from epithelial cells and is a specific receptor for IgA

A

sIgA

28
Q

What neutralizes toxins from microorganisms, prevents bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces, and is found in breast milk?

A

secretory IgA

29
Q

Aggregation of IgA immune complexes may trigger what?

A

alternate complement pathway

30
Q

What can get trapped in mucus and has to be eliminated by respiratory ciliary movement?

A

IgA and antigens

31
Q

Which immunoglobulin is found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B cells?

A

IgD

32
Q

Which antibody attaches to basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells through high-affinity Fc epsilon RI receptors

A

IgE

33
Q

Hay fever, asthma, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, anaphylaxis are all part of which type of allergic reaction?

A

Type I immediate hypersensitivity

34
Q

What antibody is involved with parasitic infections?

A

IgE

35
Q

Do plasma cells have surface receptors?

A

no, they have them as b cells but once they cleave off, they become plasma cells

36
Q

Which antibody may play a role in b cell development and maturation?

A

IgD

37
Q

Which antibody is transported across mucosal epithelium?

A

IgA

38
Q

Antibody monomer with transmembrane anchor

A

B cell receptor

39
Q

Which two parts of b cell receptors transmit signals?

A

IgBeta and IgAlpha

40
Q

Antibodies can recognize which types of epitopes?

A

conformation, discontinuous, and linear

41
Q

T cells can recognize which type of epitopes?

A

linear epitopes only (think AA chains)

42
Q

Binding strength between an antibody and a single antigenic determinant. Measure of binding strength on one arm of the antibody

A

Affinity

43
Q

number of antibody-combinding sites and the number of epitopes in a single antigen. Measure of total binding strength

A

avidity

44
Q

What determines the specificity of antibodies?

A

the hypervariable regions

45
Q

What is derived form single plasma cells fused with myeloma cells?

A

monoclonal antibodies

46
Q

plasma cells fused with myeloma cells

A

hybridoma

47
Q

Indefinite source of antibody with single specificity, used for diagnostics and treatment of disease

A

monoclonal antibodies

48
Q

What are the germ-line loci that code for antibodies?

A

Variable (V) region, Joining (J) region, Constant (c ) region, and diversity (D) region

49
Q

V and J gene segments code for what?

A

light chain variable region

50
Q

V, D, and J gene segments code for what?

A

heavy chain variable regions

51
Q

Which gene is associated with heavy chains?

A

Diversity (D)

52
Q

What events determine antigen specificity?

A
  1. Selection of VDJ gene segments and VJ gene segments, 2. junctional diversity making P- and N- nucleotides, 3. Selection variable region gene segments of heavy and lt chains, 4. Somatic hypermutation (this step is antigen dependent)
53
Q

RAG (recombination activating genes) genes are involved in what?

A

VDJ and VJ segment recombination for antibodies (also T cell receptor formation)

54
Q

Mature B cells express what receptors with the same specificity?

A

IgM and IgD

55
Q

How can B cells express both IgM and IgD receptors

A

differential RNA processing encoding the same VDJ of the H-chain

56
Q

Isotype switching involves what?

A

Recombination of the VDJ region with another constant region gene segment

57
Q

Where does somatic hypermutation occur?

A

germinal centers of lymphoid tissues in response to antigens and activated T helper cells

58
Q

RAG (recombination activating genes) genes are involved in what?

A

Recombination signal sequences (RSS)

59
Q

N-nucleotides are non-templet nucleotides added by what?

A

Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT)

60
Q

N- and P- nucleotides are part of what step of determining antigen specificity?

A

junctional diversity

61
Q

If a patient has a mutation that inactivates all RAG genes, what happens?

A

Both B and T cells are absent

62
Q

Which step of antigen specificity contributes to affinity maturation?

A

Somatic mutation

63
Q

What step of antigen specificity explans the development of IgM followed by IgG response to the same antigen?

A

Isotype switching

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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