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Immunology and Microbiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

Anti- BODY

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotozicity (ADCC)

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2
Q

What are the isotypes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of Light chains?

A

Kappa and lambda

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4
Q

What are the 2 regions on lt chains

A

constant and variable

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5
Q

Which part of an antibody determines the class/isotype?

A

Heavy chains

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6
Q

Heavy chain on IgG

A

gamma chain

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7
Q

Heavy chain on IgM

A

mu chain

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8
Q

A unique AA sequence that is common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species

A

isotype

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9
Q

minor variations of isotype sequences that are present in some individuals but not others

A

allotypes

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10
Q

How does antibody cleavage by papain differ from pepsin

A

Papain takes off the top and splits the disulfide bond, while pepsin does not cleave the disulfide bond

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11
Q

Which part of an antibody determines the function?

A

the Fc (fraction crystallized) region

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12
Q

Which part of an antibody determines the specificity?

A

the Fab (fragment antigen binding) region

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13
Q

What is useful for treating overdoses (like digoxin) and as antivenom?

A

Fab fragments

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14
Q

fraction of serum separated by electrophoresis that is enriched with antibody

A

gammaglobulin

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15
Q

Bence Jones proteins are also known as what?

A

Light chains

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16
Q

Which two kinds of antibodies can be found as monomers?

A

IgG and IgE

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17
Q

Which two kinds of antibodies can be found in multimers with J chain?

A

IgM and IgA

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18
Q

What is the main kind of immunoglobulin found in serum?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which antibody can fix complement, opsonize, bind to cells for ADCC, neutralize toxins and viruses, and participate in agglutination and precipitation rxns?

A

IgG

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20
Q

How dcan macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils be so efficient in phagocytosis?

A

They have IgG Fc receptors

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21
Q

Which immunoglobulin diffuses into extravascular spaces best?

A

IgG

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22
Q

What is IgM also known as?

A

Macroglobulin

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23
Q

Where is IgM mostly found?

A

Intravascular pool

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24
Q

Which immunoglobulin best triggers the classical complement pathway?

A

IgM

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25
Which immunoglobulin is best for agglutination reactions?
IgM
26
Which immunoglobulin is made in plasma cells and found mostly in MALT?
secretory IgA
27
What has 5 Ig-like domains derived from epithelial cells and is a specific receptor for IgA
sIgA
28
What neutralizes toxins from microorganisms, prevents bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces, and is found in breast milk?
secretory IgA
29
Aggregation of IgA immune complexes may trigger what?
alternate complement pathway
30
What can get trapped in mucus and has to be eliminated by respiratory ciliary movement?
IgA and antigens
31
Which immunoglobulin is found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B cells?
IgD
32
Which antibody attaches to basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells through high-affinity Fc epsilon RI receptors
IgE
33
Hay fever, asthma, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, anaphylaxis are all part of which type of allergic reaction?
Type I immediate hypersensitivity
34
What antibody is involved with parasitic infections?
IgE
35
Do plasma cells have surface receptors?
no, they have them as b cells but once they cleave off, they become plasma cells
36
Which antibody may play a role in b cell development and maturation?
IgD
37
Which antibody is transported across mucosal epithelium?
IgA
38
Antibody monomer with transmembrane anchor
B cell receptor
39
Which two parts of b cell receptors transmit signals?
IgBeta and IgAlpha
40
Antibodies can recognize which types of epitopes?
conformation, discontinuous, and linear
41
T cells can recognize which type of epitopes?
linear epitopes only (think AA chains)
42
Binding strength between an antibody and a single antigenic determinant. Measure of binding strength on one arm of the antibody
Affinity
43
number of antibody-combinding sites and the number of epitopes in a single antigen. Measure of total binding strength
avidity
44
What determines the specificity of antibodies?
the hypervariable regions
45
What is derived form single plasma cells fused with myeloma cells?
monoclonal antibodies
46
plasma cells fused with myeloma cells
hybridoma
47
Indefinite source of antibody with single specificity, used for diagnostics and treatment of disease
monoclonal antibodies
48
What are the germ-line loci that code for antibodies?
Variable (V) region, Joining (J) region, Constant (c ) region, and diversity (D) region
49
V and J gene segments code for what?
light chain variable region
50
V, D, and J gene segments code for what?
heavy chain variable regions
51
Which gene is associated with heavy chains?
Diversity (D)
52
What events determine antigen specificity?
1. Selection of VDJ gene segments and VJ gene segments, 2. junctional diversity making P- and N- nucleotides, 3. Selection variable region gene segments of heavy and lt chains, 4. Somatic hypermutation (this step is antigen dependent)
53
RAG (recombination activating genes) genes are involved in what?
VDJ and VJ segment recombination for antibodies (also T cell receptor formation)
54
Mature B cells express what receptors with the same specificity?
IgM and IgD
55
How can B cells express both IgM and IgD receptors
differential RNA processing encoding the same VDJ of the H-chain
56
Isotype switching involves what?
Recombination of the VDJ region with another constant region gene segment
57
Where does somatic hypermutation occur?
germinal centers of lymphoid tissues in response to antigens and activated T helper cells
58
RAG (recombination activating genes) genes are involved in what?
Recombination signal sequences (RSS)
59
N-nucleotides are non-templet nucleotides added by what?
Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT)
60
N- and P- nucleotides are part of what step of determining antigen specificity?
junctional diversity
61
If a patient has a mutation that inactivates all RAG genes, what happens?
Both B and T cells are absent
62
Which step of antigen specificity contributes to affinity maturation?
Somatic mutation
63
What step of antigen specificity explans the development of IgM followed by IgG response to the same antigen?
Isotype switching

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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