Module 9 - immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders

Question 1

Autoimmune disorders occur when

Answer 1

the body systems cannot distinguish between self and non-self antigens, causing the body to attack its own tissues

Question 2

Autoantibodies

Answer 2

antibodies that react with self-antigens

Question 3

Organ-specific disease attack specific targets(organs/tissues) when

Answer 3

they become intolerant due to overexposure of antigens
-Autoantibodies in the targeted organ/tissue bind to self-antigens, leading to cellular destruction, overstimulation of cells, or cellular suppression.

Question 4

What is rheumatic fever an example of?

Answer 4

heart (organ) - specific autoimmune disease

Question 5

What is multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre’ syndrome an example of?

Answer 5

CNS(organ)-specific autoimmune disease

Question 6

what is myasthenia gravis an example of?

Answer 6

Muscle (organ)-specific autoimmune disease

Question 7

what is Addison’s and Grave’s disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus an example of?

Answer 7

endocrine (organ)-specific autoimmune disease

Question 8

What is celiac and Crohn’s disease as well as other inflammatory bowel diseases an example of?

Answer 8

GI (organ)-specific autoimmune disease

Question 9

What is glomerulonephritis and goodpasture syndrome an example of?

Answer 9

kidney (organ)-specific autoimmune disease

Question 10

Systemic disease

Answer 10

autoimmune responses directed at self-antigens of many organs and tissues

Question 11

What happens to tissues when a systemic disease is present

Answer 11

Systemic inflammation occurs with widespread tissue damage including the joints, kidneys, and heart.

Question 12

What happens antibody reactions occur in the presence of systemic diseases

Answer 12

Autoantibodies interact with other cells such as RBCs and platelets resulting in apoptosis and thrombocytopenia as well as other bleeding disorders.

Question 13

What is rheumatoid arthritis an example of?

Answer 13

Systemic disease

Question 14

what is scleroderma an example of?

Answer 14

Systemic disease

Question 15

what is systemic lupus erythematosus an example of

Answer 15

Systemic disease

Question 16

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 16

a chronic, multisystem inflammatory disease that damages multiple organs making diagnosis and treatment difficult

Question 17

How is the musculoskeletal (joints and bone marrow) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 17

Polyarthritis, with swollen, painful joints, without damage; arthralgia
Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

Question 18

How is the integumentary (skin) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 18

Butterfly rash with erythema on cheeks and over nose
Rash on body
Hair loss

Question 19

How is urinary (kidneys) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 19

Glomerulonephritis with antigen: antibody deposit in glomerulus, causing inflammation, marked proteinuria, and progressive renal damage

Question 20

How is respiratory (lungs) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 20

Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleural membranes, causing chest pain

Question 21

How is cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 21

Carditis: inflammation of any layer of the heart
Most common: pericarditis
Raynaud’s phenomenon: periodic vasospasm in fingers and toes often accompanied by pain and tingling

Question 22

How is gastrointestinal (oral cavity) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 22

Ulcerations in oral mucosa

Question 23

How is the central nervous system (nerves, eyes) affected by Systemic Lupus

Answer 23

Psychosis, depression, mood changes, seizures
Photosensitivity: exacerbation with sun exposure

Question 24

Immunodeficiency

Answer 24

The body’s inability to fight infection and other foreign invaders

Question 25

immunodeficiency may be...

Answer 25

acute or chronic

Question 26

immunodeficiency could be caused by

Answer 26

B-cell and T-cell production deficits

Question 27

Primary immunodeficiency

Answer 27

Basic developmental failure somewhere in the system (i.e. bone marrow production of stem cells), thymus, or the synthesis of antibodies Typically seen at birth (congenital) and typically hereditary (genetic) Caused by mutations, even in one gene Classified by the part of the body affected

Question 28

what is ataxia - telangiectasia an example of?

Answer 28

Primary immunodeficiency

Question 29

what is Inherited X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (low antibody levels because of a B-cell defect) an example of?

Answer 29

Primary immunodeficiency

Question 30

what is DiGeorge syndrome (hypoplasia of the thymus), developmental defect an example of?

Answer 30

primary immunodeficiency

Question 31

What is Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome an example of?

Answer 31

primary immunodeficiency

Question 32

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 32

The loss of immune response due to a specific cause Typically viral infections, splenectomy, malnutrition or liver disease, use of immunosuppressive drugs with organ transplants, and radiation and chemotherapy Can occur at any point of someone’s lifespan

Question 33

What happens in bone marrow that can cause secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 33

Depressed bone marrow production of leukocytes - often due to malnutrition and blood loss associated with cancer and the effect of treatments

Question 34

How does glucocorticoid drugs contribute to secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 34

Use of glucocorticoid drugs cause decreased leukocyte production as well as atrophy of lymph nodes and suppression of immune response

Question 35

How does sever physical or emotional stress contribute to secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 35

Severe physical or emotional stress may cause a temporary immunodeficiency response and is attributed to high levels of glucocorticoid secretion in the body

Question 36

What population is most affected by secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 36

older adults and people who are hospitalized

Question 37

What is aplastic anemia an example of?

Answer 37

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 38

What is sickle cell anemia an example of?

Answer 38

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 39

What is leukemia an example of?

Answer 39

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 40

What is epstein-barr virus an example of?

Answer 40

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 41

What is cytomegalovirus an example of?

Answer 41

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 42

What is downs syndrome an example of?

Answer 42

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 43

What is hepatitis an example of?

Answer 43

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 44

What is hodgkin's lymphoma an example of?

Answer 44

Secondary/Acquired immunodeficiency

Question 45

What are the examples of primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency when humoral B cells are affected

Answer 45

(primary) Hypogammaglobulinemia (congenital) (secondary) Epstein-Barre

Question 46

What are the examples of primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency when Cellular (cell-mediated) T cells are affected

Answer 46

(Primary) DiGeorge syndrome (Secondary)AIDS, HIV infection, temporary with some viruses and disorders

Question 47

What are the examples of primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency when B&T cells are affected

Answer 47

(Primary)Either inherited combined immunodeficiency syndromes (Secondary) Radiation, immunosuppressive drugs and cytotoxic drugs

Question 48

What are the examples of primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency when Phagocytes are affected

Answer 48

(Primary) Inherited chronic granulomatous diseases (CGDs) (Secondary) Immunosuppression (glucocorticoid drugs, neutropenia); diabetes (decreased chemotaxis)

Question 49

What are the examples of primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency when Complement system (C1, C2, C4) are affected

Answer 49

(Primary) Inherited deficit of one or more systems (Secondary) malnutrition (decreased synthesis), components liver disease—cirrhosis

Question 50

Effects of Immunodeficiency

Answer 50

Patients become predisposed to the development of opportunistic infections caused by normal flora, normally harmless microorganisms -May involved multiple organisms and be quite severe and can be difficult to treat successfully

Question 51

Prophylactic drugs

Answer 51

Preventive antibiotics given to patients with immunodeficiency before an invasive procedure to prevent infection

Question 52

Development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 52

AIDS is a chronic disease caused by diseased and disorders that destroy helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) resulting in loss of immunity creating an environment that leaves the host susceptible to secondary infections Aids is an acquired syndrome

Question 53

Initial Stage of AIDS

Answer 53

Virus, bacteria, fungal infection, or autoimmune disorder attacks the body causing destruction of CD4+ T cells. Initial stage may be asymptomatic (latent). Some forms, such as HIV, may present flu like symptoms.

Question 54

Active (symptomatic) infection of AIDS

Answer 54

Generalized lymphadenopathy due to infection occurs. Other symptoms may appear related to cause. Opportunistic infections and neoplasms begin to appear causing AIDS-related complex (ARC) which is regarded as a prodromal stage (precursor). T lymphocytes continue to be destroyed.

Question 55

AIDS diagnosis

Answer 55

CD4+ count drops below 200/mcl. Life-threatening comorbid disorders begin to develop. Unusual tumors may begin to appear.

Question 56

Sexual transmission of HIV

Answer 56

Unprotected sexual contact with HIV-infected partner is the most common mode of HIV transmission Includes contact with semen, vaginal secretions, and/or blood Risk is greater for partner receiving semen Sexual Activities causing trauma to local tissue increases the risk as do genital lesions from other sexually transmitted infections

Question 57

Contact with blood and blood products transmission of HIV

Answer 57

When sharing drug-using paraphernalia (e.g., needles syringes, straws) Puncture wounds - risk increases with the depth of the wound, a needle with a hollow bore and visible blood, or a device used for venous or arterial access There is still a risk, although lower, when exposed to splashes of blood on skin with open lesions Routine screening of blood donors and testing donated blood for the presence of HIV have improved the safety of the blood supply

Question 58

Perinatal Transmission of HIV

Answer 58

An HIV infected mouth can transmit infection to her infant during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding Transmission can be reduced when women are routinely tested for HIV and treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) (a combination of medication used to control and suppress HIV replication)

Question 59

Asymptomatic infection in chronic HIV infection

Answer 59

Can be up to 10 years Without symptoms, people may continue risky behaviors and spread HIV

Question 60

Diagnosis and Diagnostic Criteria for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome based on wasting syndrome

Answer 60

Defined as a loss of 10% or more of ideal body mass (the measure of fat based on height and weight) Includes: Weight loss Muscle atrophy Anorexia Fatigue Decrease in strength