Module 4

Question 1

Cellular adaptation

Answer 1

when a cell changes it structure or function to better promote homeostasis
This further changes the DNA in the cell

Question 2

There are many factors that cause cellular damage and/or destruction such as

Answer 2

changes in metabolism, decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and…

Question 3

Cellular stressors - Tissue ischemia

Answer 3

Triggered by obstructed artery or respiratory disorder
Causes decrease blood supply to tissues
Leads to decreased oxygenation
Results in decreased cellular metabolism (aerobic)
Brain, heart, and Kidney most affected due to high oxygen use, causing hypoxia, or lacking oxygen
Sever oxygen deficit inhibits energy production (ATP)
Failure of sodium pump and other cellular functions
Increased sodium inside the cell causes cell to enlarge and rupture
Other changes include lactic acid buildup due to anaerobic metabolism

Question 4

Cellular stressors - Extreme temperatures

Answer 4

Physical damage related to heat or cold temperatures

Question 5

Cellular stressors - radiation exposure

Answer 5

Alter cellular contents
Changes DNA

Question 6

Cellular stressors -Physical tissue damage

Answer 6

trauma or injury damages cells

Question 7

Cellular stressors - chemical toxins

Answer 7

Endogenous and exogenous chemicals can;
-Change the permeability of the cell membrane
-Produce other chemicals such as free radicals

Question 8

Cellular stressors - microorganisms

Answer 8

Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens can injure cells

Question 9

Cellular stressors - Abnormal Accumulation of Metabolites in cells

Answer 9

Genetic defects or inborn errors of metabolism can cause byproducts to accumulate in cells and lead to cellular damage

Question 10

cellular stressors - Nutritional Deficits

Answer 10

Vitamin deficiencies can prevent normal metabolism from occurring

Question 11

minor/repairable cell damage

Answer 11

Initial damage changes metabolic reactions that lead to a change/loss of cellular function
Anaerobic metabolism happens within the cell, leading to lactic acidosis (build up of lactate production from oxygen deprivation)
The damage in minimal, the cell recovers, and normal function returns

Question 12

Major/not repairable cell damage

Answer 12

Noticeable morphologic and structural damage to the nucleus and cell wall occurs - this leads to cell death

Question 13

Post cell death

Answer 13

Nucleus disintegrates
Cell lyse releasing lysosomal enzymes into body tissues
Triggers inflammation process
-Swelling, redness, pain
-Damages nearby cells
-Enzymes release into vascular system
Diagnostic laboratory testing to detect specific enzymes that are released from dead cells
-Cardiac enzymes being released from myocardial cells when they are damaged during a myocardial infarction

Question 14

Cell death

Answer 14

This leads to cell death
Swelling in the cell
Lipid accumulation in the cell
Cell membrane ruptures

Question 15

Atrophy

Answer 15

-Decrease in cell size
causes;
-Decrease in tissue mass
Loss of function
Poor nutrition
-Decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulations
Aging
ex;
Skeletal muscle shrinkage from an extremity being immobilized in a cast for several weeks

Question 16

Hypertrophy

Answer 16

Increase in cell size
larger tissue mass
causes;
Increased workload on tissue
Pregnancy
ex:
Heart muscle enlargement due to increased blood pressure and blood volume
Prostate tissue enlarging due to decreased testosterone levels in aging adult men

Question 17

Hyperplasia

Answer 17

Increased number of cells
Enlarged tissue mass
Sometimes hypertrophy and hyperplasia occurring simultaneously
causes;
Pregnancy
Compensatory mechanisms to meet increased demands
Pathologic when hormonal imbalance
ex:
Can increase cancer risk
Callus formation on the bads of a construction worker
Gums displaying hyperplasia due to phenytoin (Dilantin), an anticonvulsant drug

Question 18

Metaplasia

Answer 18

One mature cell type being replaced with another mature cell type
causes;
Vitamin A deficiency
Adaptive mechanism to provide more resistance against carcinogens and irritants
Ends up decreasing resistance
ex:
Stratified squamous epithelium cells replacing ciliated columnar epithelium cells in the respiratory tracts of cigarette smokers
Resistance decreasing due to disappearance of cilia normally found in ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the lungs; and the cilia removing debris

Question 19

Dysplasia

Answer 19

Cells varying in size and shape
Contain large nuclei
Increased mitotic rate
causes;
Results from chronic irritation, infection, or a precancerous change
ex:
Dysplastic cells detected in pap smear (Papanicolaou test) done for the detection of cervical cancer cells

Question 20

Anaplasia

Answer 20

Undifferentiated cells
Look nothing like original parent cell due to mutation
Variable nuclear and cell structure
Multiple mitotic figures
causes;
Also results from chronic irritation, infection, or is a precancerous change
ex:
Characteristic of cancer
Basis of grading the aggressiveness of malignancy

Question 21

Neoplasia

Answer 21

Means new growth
Commonly referred to as a tumor
Benign
-Non-cancerous
-Do not spread
-Usually not life-threatening
Malignant
-Cancerous
causes:
Malignant neoplasms caused by irritants or carcinogens
ex:
A cancerous growth in the lungs (malignant neoplasm)
A non-cancerous growth on the skin (benign neoplasm)