Module 9 - A&P review Flashcards
Antigens
Proteins that activate the immune system
When they are present on an individual’s plasma membrane they represent self making them “self antigens”
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign materials and display them to lymphocytes to initiate the immune response
Lymphocytes
Primary white blood cells that recognize and react to antigens
B lymphocytes
Produce antibodies used to attack bacteria, viruses, and toxins (hormonal mediated immunity)
T lymphocytes
Destroy the body’s own cells that have been infected
Natural Killer T cells
destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells
Memory T cells
Stimulate an immune response on re-exposure to antigen
Helper T cells
activate B&T cells
Neutrophils
Phagocytotic and active in inflammatory process
Basophils
Bind to IgE and release histamine in anaphylaxis
Eosinophils
Allergic response and defends against parasites
Monocytes
Become macrophages in the tissues - phagocytotic (inflammation)
Mast Cells
Release chemical mediators
Monokines
Type of cytokine that mediated an immune response
They are released from macrophages
They attract neutrophils for phagocytosis via chemotaxis
Interleukins
Type of cytokines that causes immune cell differentiation and activation
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
A class of proteins that bind to specific antigens to destroy them
IgG
most common antibody produced in primary and secondary immune response
Most common - activates complement, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitoxin antibodies
Can cross the placenta
IgM
bound to B lymphocytes in circulation. Is the first to increase in the immune response
Activate complement, forms natural antibodies, and is involved in ABO blood type incompatibility reactions
IgA
found in secretions like tears and saliva, in mucous membranes and colostrum
Baths mucous membranes and protects them from microorganisms and toxins and provides protection to neonates
IgE
Binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes
Present in allergens, released histamine and other chemicals resulting in inflammation
IgD
Attached to B cells
Activates B cells
Complement system
Causes the release of chemical mediators that promote inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis
Histamine
Released from mast cells and basophils
Stimulates other chemical mediators and promotes inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis
Kinins (bradykinins)
Causes vasodilation, increased permeability (edema), and activated pain receptors
Prostaglandins
Lipids that cause inflammation, vasodilation, increased permeability, and activated pain receptors
Leukotrienes
Derived from mast cells and basophils
Cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and play a role in inflammation
Self Cells
Immune system ignores proteins on individual cells
Tolerance to self-antigens prevents improper immune response
The immune response can sometimes view cells as self when they are foreign, for example cancer cells are sometimes seen as self, meaning the immune response does not activate
Non self-cells
Foreign substances trigger responses
Lymphoid tissue captures antigens
Memory cells remember stored response if antigen reappears
Malignant neoplastic cells seen as foreign are removed
Primary Immune Response
Occurs when person is first exposed to antigen
Antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes initiated
Process takes 1-2 weeks
Seroconversion occurs and level of antibody falls
Secondary immune response
Occurs with repeat exposure to antigen
Memory T cells initiate quick production of antibody
Rapid response
Higher antibody levels than primary response
active immunity
The development of antibodies or T calls in response to a specific antigen produced in the body
Active natural immunity
Immunity develops over time
Memory B and T cells remain and initiate a faster secondary immune response on re-exposure to same antigen
Active artificial immunity
Develops when a specific antigen is introduced
Antibodies are produced without the result of a disease
Example; vaccines
Toxoid
bacteria toxin that acts as an antigen
Booster
an addition immunization to stimulate an effective secondary response
Passive immunity
Develops when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another
Immediate protection, but it is temporary
Passive natural immunity
IgG is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta
Maternal antibodies are transferred in colostrum and breast milk
Passive artificial immunity
Results from injection of antibodies from person or animal into another individual
Can be give to an exposed individual to reduce the effects of disease
