Module 9 - A&P review

Question 1

Antigens

Answer 1

Proteins that activate the immune system
When they are present on an individual’s plasma membrane they represent self making them “self antigens”

Question 2

Macrophages

Answer 2

Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign materials and display them to lymphocytes to initiate the immune response

Question 3

Lymphocytes

Answer 3

Primary white blood cells that recognize and react to antigens

Question 4

B lymphocytes

Answer 4

Produce antibodies used to attack bacteria, viruses, and toxins (hormonal mediated immunity)

Question 5

T lymphocytes

Answer 5

Destroy the body’s own cells that have been infected

Question 6

Natural Killer T cells

Answer 6

destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells

Question 7

Memory T cells

Answer 7

Stimulate an immune response on re-exposure to antigen

Question 8

Helper T cells

Answer 8

activate B&T cells

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

Phagocytotic and active in inflammatory process

Question 10

Basophils

Answer 10

Bind to IgE and release histamine in anaphylaxis

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

Allergic response and defends against parasites

Question 12

Monocytes

Answer 12

Become macrophages in the tissues - phagocytotic (inflammation)

Question 13

Mast Cells

Answer 13

Release chemical mediators

Question 14

Monokines

Answer 14

Type of cytokine that mediated an immune response
They are released from macrophages
They attract neutrophils for phagocytosis via chemotaxis

Question 15

Interleukins

Answer 15

Type of cytokines that causes immune cell differentiation and activation

Question 16

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Answer 16

A class of proteins that bind to specific antigens to destroy them

Question 17

IgG

Answer 17

most common antibody produced in primary and secondary immune response
Most common - activates complement, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitoxin antibodies
Can cross the placenta

Question 18

IgM

Answer 18

bound to B lymphocytes in circulation. Is the first to increase in the immune response
Activate complement, forms natural antibodies, and is involved in ABO blood type incompatibility reactions

Question 19

IgA

Answer 19

found in secretions like tears and saliva, in mucous membranes and colostrum
Baths mucous membranes and protects them from microorganisms and toxins and provides protection to neonates

Question 20

IgE

Answer 20

Binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes
Present in allergens, released histamine and other chemicals resulting in inflammation

Question 21

IgD

Answer 21

Attached to B cells
Activates B cells

Question 22

Complement system

Answer 22

Causes the release of chemical mediators that promote inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

Question 23

Histamine

Answer 23

Released from mast cells and basophils
Stimulates other chemical mediators and promotes inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

Question 24

Kinins (bradykinins)

Answer 24

Causes vasodilation, increased permeability (edema), and activated pain receptors

Question 25

Prostaglandins

Answer 25

Lipids that cause inflammation, vasodilation, increased permeability, and activated pain receptors

Question 26

Leukotrienes

Answer 26

Derived from mast cells and basophils
Cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and play a role in inflammation

Question 27

Self Cells

Answer 27

Immune system ignores proteins on individual cells
Tolerance to self-antigens prevents improper immune response
The immune response can sometimes view cells as self when they are foreign, for example cancer cells are sometimes seen as self, meaning the immune response does not activate

Question 28

Non self-cells

Answer 28

Foreign substances trigger responses
Lymphoid tissue captures antigens
Memory cells remember stored response if antigen reappears
Malignant neoplastic cells seen as foreign are removed

Question 29

Primary Immune Response

Answer 29

Occurs when person is first exposed to antigen
Antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes initiated
Process takes 1-2 weeks
Seroconversion occurs and level of antibody falls

Question 30

Secondary immune response

Answer 30

Occurs with repeat exposure to antigen
Memory T cells initiate quick production of antibody
Rapid response
Higher antibody levels than primary response

Question 31

active immunity

Answer 31

The development of antibodies or T calls in response to a specific antigen produced in the body

Question 32

Active natural immunity

Answer 32

Immunity develops over time
Memory B and T cells remain and initiate a faster secondary immune response on re-exposure to same antigen

Question 33

Active artificial immunity

Answer 33

Develops when a specific antigen is introduced
Antibodies are produced without the result of a disease
Example; vaccines

Question 34

Toxoid

Answer 34

bacteria toxin that acts as an antigen

Question 35

Booster

Answer 35

an addition immunization to stimulate an effective secondary response

Question 36

Passive immunity

Answer 36

Develops when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another
Immediate protection, but it is temporary

Question 37

Passive natural immunity

Answer 37

IgG is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta
Maternal antibodies are transferred in colostrum and breast milk

Question 38

Passive artificial immunity

Answer 38

Results from injection of antibodies from person or animal into another individual
Can be give to an exposed individual to reduce the effects of disease