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Patho > Electrolyte Imbalances Explained > Flashcards

Electrolyte Imbalances Explained Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Sodium (+)

A

Maintain ECF volume, Nerve impulse transmission, Muscle contraction, Acid-base balance

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2
Q

Functions of Potassium (-)

A

Maintain ICF volume, Nerve impulse contraction, Muscle contractions (especially heart), Acid-base balance, Sugar storage (glycogen and glucose in liver and muscles)

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3
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

-It’s responsible for maintaining the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane
-The pump works by using energy from ATP hydrolysis to exchange three sodium ions for two potassium ions.

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4
Q

Functions of Magnesium (+)

A

Muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, protein synthesis, bone structure, Enzyme function

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5
Q

Function of Calcium (-)

A

Bone and tooth formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, enzyme function

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6
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

promotes sodium excretion

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7
Q

Aldosterone

A

causes the kidney to retain sodium and excrete potassium

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8
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Causes water retention

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9
Q

Acid-Base buffer system and potassium regulation

A

Hydrogen ions (acid) exchange
* Decreasing pH, K shifts out of cells
* Increasing pH, K shifts into cells

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10
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

causes calcium REsorption from bones, ABsorption in GI tract, and retention of calcium in the kidneys
-indirectly regulates magnesium as well

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11
Q

Calcitonin

A

inhibits resorption of calcium in the bones

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12
Q

Kidneys and Magnesium regulations

A

reabsorption or excretion occurs in the kidneys based on the body’s needs

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13
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Excessive water intake
Heart failure
Renal disease
Some diuretics
GI loss
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone (SIADH)

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14
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

Dehydration
Excessive sodium intake
Hyperaldosteronism
Diabetes insipidus

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15
Q

Hyponatremia manifestations

A

Headache
Nausea & vomiting
Muscle cramps
Lethargy & fatigue
Confusion
Seizures
Coma & death

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16
Q

Hypernatremia manifestions

A

Thirst
Dry mucous membranes
Edema
Muscle twitching
Restlessness
Irritability
Confusion
Seizures

17
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A

Some diuretics
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Malnutrition
Alkalosis
Insulin therapy
Excessive use of laxatives

18
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

Renal failure
Some diuretics
Acidosis
Severe tissue trauma
* Burns
* Crush injuries
Massive blood transfusions

19
Q

Hypokalemia manifestations

A

Muscle weakness
Cramps
Fatigue
Arrhythmias
Decreased peristalsis
* Nausea
* Constipation
Shallow respirations

20
Q

Hyperkalemia manifestations

A

Muscle weakness
Paralysis
Arrhythmias
Nausea

21
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

Hypoparathyroidism
Vit D deficiency
Chronic kidney disease
Pancreatitis
Malnutrition/malabsorption

22
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Malignancy
Prolonged immobilization
Excessive calcium/vit D intake
Excessive use of some antacids
or laxatives

23
Q

Manifestations of hypocalcemia

A

Muscle cramps
Tetany
Hyperreflexia
Seizures
Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s
Paresthesia
Dysrhythmias/palpitations

24
Q

manifestations of hypercalcemia

A

Muscle weakness -> flaccid
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Confusion
Constipation
Kidney stones
Dysrhythmias
Osteoporosis

25
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

when touching the cheek the eye will twitch

26
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

the hand will pinch and twist when the blood pressure cuff is activated

27
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Prolonged diarrhea
Some diuretics

28
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A

Renal failure
Excessive use of
some antacids or
laxatives

29
Q

hypomagnesemia manifestations

A

Muscle cramps
Tremors
Seizures
Hyperreflexia
Dysrhythmias
Mood changes

30
Q

Manifestations of Hypermagnesemia

A

Muscle weakness
Lethargy
Hypotension
Dysrhythmias
Respiratory depression
Hyporeflexia

31
Q

Functions of chloride

A

Maintains ECF volume, maintaining acid-base balance

32
Q

Causes of hypochloremia

A

Alkalosis, excessive sweat, fever, diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency, diuretics

33
Q

manifestations of hypochloremia

A

hyponatremia, dehydration

34
Q

Causes of hyperchloremia

A

hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis (low bicarbonate), increased salt intake

35
Q

manifestations of hyperchloremia

A

edema, weight gain

Patho (19 decks)

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