Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho > Module 5 - Infalmmation > Flashcards

Module 5 - Infalmmation Flashcards

1
Q

The inflammation process is… meaning that inflammation is responsive to…

A

responsible for localizing and eliminating any foreign substances,
meaning that inflammation is responsive to infections, allergies, or tissue injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The first line of defense in the body is…

A

bodily fluids, skin, and mucous membranes
Non-specific defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The second line of defense in the body is…

A

the inflammatory process and phagocytosis
Non-specific defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The third line of defense in the body is…

A

specific defense mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phagocytosis

A

neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign matter, pathogens, and cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Steps in the inflammation process

A
  1. Capillary and tissue cells are injured causing the release of bradykinin
  2. Bradykinin stimulates sensory nerve impulses that cause pain
  3. Pain causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine
  4. Bradykinin and histamine the lead capillaries to dilate, increasing blood flow and capillary permeability to the area
  5. Bacteria then enters the tissue causing neutrophils and monocytes to travel to the site of injury
  6. The neutrophils destroy the bacteria through phagocytosis with the help of their hydrolytic enzyme of their lysosomes
  7. Monocytes that mature into macrophages level the bloodstream and quickly become phagocytic microbes to help neutrophils.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The complement system is…

A

a series of enzymes releasing and following pathways to control inflammation and destroy pathogens.
This process promotes phagocytosis, increases vascular permeability, initiates chemotaxis, and cellular lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Platelet activation causes

A

prostaglandin (PG) formation,
Some of the subtypes of (PG)in turn prevents platelet and neutrophils from clustering
PG also initiates pain and febrile(fever) response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thromboxane (one PG) is

A

a potent vasoconstrictor as well as platelet-aggregating agent. Initially thromboxane produces brief vasoconstriction and paleness at the injury site, creating a clot
-The effects of thromboxane are short-lived, so the area becomes red as a result of vasodilation (after vasoconstriction from thromboxane) and histamine release (from mast cells and basophils).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Leukotrienes form the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
causing

A

smooth muscle constriction of the bronchi - leads airways to narrow and increase capillary permeability and airway edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exudate contains

A

fluid and leukocytes that more from the circulation to the site of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Injury response - Vascular

A

-the local arterioles briefly undergo transient vasoconstriction to prevent the release of erythrocytes from bleeding that occurs
-then histamine and other chemicals are released that cause vasodilation
- capillaries then increase permeability and cause fluid to move from capillaries to tissue spaces
-serous fluid (containing plasma protein - mainly albumin) then becomes inflammatory exudate
-this process causes redness, heat, and swelling at the site of the injury and surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Injury Response - Cellular

A

-neutrophils and monocytes move from circulation to the site of injury due to chemotaxis (movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance)
-Platelets move to the site of injury to promote clotting
-Neutrophils show up first (within 6-12 hours). They participate in phagocytosis to rid the area of bacteria, foreign material, and damaged cells. (neutrophils only live 24-48 hours so they start to build up at the site of injury)
-The mix of dead neutrophils, digested bacteria, and other cell debris accumulates as a creamy substance, known as pus.
-monocytes/macrophages are the second to arrive (3/7 days after onset inflammation)
-macrophages assist with phagocytosis, so the area is clean before it heals
-lymphocytes arrive last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Histamine - Chemical mediator

A

Found in granules of basophils, mast cells, and platelets
Causes;
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Serous fluid accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Serotonin - chemical mediator

A

Found in platelets, mast cells, and enterochromaffin (a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands that aid in the production of gastric acid), cells of the gastrointestinal tract
causes;
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kinins (brandykinins) - Chemical Mediator

A

Comes from precursor factor kininogen due to hagman factory (VII) activation from the clotting system
Causes;
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Complement Components (C3a, C4a, C5a) - chamical mediator

A

Anaphylatoxin fragments that are produced as part of the activation of the complement system
Causes;
Stimulates the release of histamine and chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) - chemical mediators

A

-Synthesized by arachidonic acid (is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin)
-Proinflammatory
causes;
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation
Leukotrienes cause chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytokines

A

-secreted by WMCs
-over 100 cytokines in the body
-some cytokines are beneficial to the body
-classified into interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor
Causes;
Proinflammatory mediators
Promotes b-cell production
Activates t-cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute inflammatory response

A

lasts 8-10 days and stops when pathogen/foreign substances are gone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fluid that accumulates at the site of inflammation is drained by

A

Lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fever occurs due to…

A

cytokines release from neutrophils and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increases WBC formation
Produces more immature neutrophils
WBC coin is >11,000 mL^3 in adults

19
Q

Plasma Protein Synthesis

A

Used as a pro- and anti- inflammatory
Contains coagulation components
Contains complement proteins

20
Chronic Inflammation
(lasts over a few weeks) can be caused by unresolved acute inflammation, an infection, antigen, or foreign substance in the area.
21
Granulomas formation
Granulomas form when macrophages differentiate into large epithelioid cells that clean up cellular debris and other small particles. Other macrophages become multinucleated giant cells that consume very large particles—larger than can be consumed by a single macrophage. These macrophages form the center of the granuloma and are surrounded by a wall of lymphocytes. The granuloma is frequently surrounded by fibrous deposits of collagen and may become cartilaginous or possibly calcified by deposits of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Examples of pathogens that form granulomas include the Listeria sp., Brucella sp., fungi such as histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis, and parasites like leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis
22
Local clinical Manifestation of acute inflammation - rubor
Redness Hyperemia (excessive blood near the surface as a result of inflammatory response causes vasodilation and thus redness at the skin's surface)
23
Local clinical Manifestation of acute inflammation - heat
Metabolism is increased at the site of inflammation
24
Local clinical Manifestation of acute inflammation- pain
pH changes Increases fluid from exudate causes pressure Nerve stimulation from histamine and prostaglandins
25
Local clinical Manifestation of acute inflammation - swelling
Exudate accumulation Fluid shifts into the interstitial spaces from increased capillary permeability
26
Local clinical Manifestation of acute inflammation - loss of function
Swelling Pain
27
Local clinical Manifestation of acute inflammation- Exudates
Varies
28
Serous Exudate
Drainage is water. It occurs due to mild inflammation and contains very few plasma proteins or leukocytes. The fluid in a blister
29
Serosanguinous exudate
Drainage is pinkish-yellow due to an accumulation of red blood cells and serous drainage. This is commonly found in surgical drains post-operatively
30
Fibrinous Exudate
The drainage is thick and clotted and occurs with more severe or advanced inflammation. An example is a person with pneumonia. Their lungs will be filled with fibrinous exudate
31
Purulent Exudate
The drainage consists of pus and occurs if too many leukocytes accumulate. Purulent exudate is a characteristic of walled-off lesions (cysts or abscesses)
32
Hemorrhagic Exudate
Drainage is bloody and is filled with erythrocytes. An example is a hematoma
33
Catarrhal Exudate
Drainage is of mucus consistency and is clear in color. An example is a runny nose from an upper respiratory infection
34
Systemic Manifestation of Inflammation- fever
Can be severe if caused by a microorganism Occurs due to the release of pyrogens (fever-producing substances), white blood cells, or macrophages Can inhibit pathogen proliferation Pyrogens cause the hypothalamus to increase cell metabolism
35
Systemic Manifestation of Inflammation - leukocytosis with left shift
Immature neutrophils are producing in large numbers in response to a pathogen WBC>11,000/mL^3
36
Systemic Manifestation of Inflammation - malaise
occurs due to an overwhelming inflammatory response Achiness and low energy
37
Systemic Manifestation of Inflammation - anorexia and nausea
Results from increased pathogens in the system as well as cellular debris
38
Systemic Manifestation of Inflammation - tachycardia
Stems from fluid shifts from the vascular compartment to the interstitial spaces, causing decreased circulating fluid volume Heart works harder to pump less volume
39
Systemic Manifestation of Inflammation - tachypnea
Chemical mediators being release affect respiratory rate Fever increases metabolism and increases respiratory rate
40
Potential complication
Joint inflammation can impair mobility Infection can occur in inflamed tissues Lung inflammation limits expansion and decreases oxygen and gas exchange Inflamed tissue increases the ability for microorganisms to enter when the skin or mucosa is damaged and the blood supply is impaired. Some microbes escape phagocytosis and the inflammatory exudate is an excellent medium for microorganisms to reproduce and colonize the inflamed area Inflammation from musculoskeletal injuries such as sprains, tendinitis, or fractures can lead to muscle spasms A spasm can place extra pressure on the nerves and increase pain
41
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression and immobilization, Elevation
42
Rest
Aids body to use nutrients and O2 for the healing process Repair process is facilitated due to fibrin and collagen forming across the wound
43
Ice
First 24 is the application of ice only to decrease swelling, pain, and promote vasoconstriction After 48 hours, alternate between heat and ice
44
Compression and immobilization
Compression prevents edema formation due to fluid shifts Stops bleeding Support injured joints Assess capillary refill to ensure compression isn't too tight
45
Elevation
Decrease edema Decrease pain May be contraindicated in patients with peripheral arterial disease
46
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
Side effects- Gastrointestinal bleeding Increased bleeding time Other uses-Antiplatelet Prevention of cardiac events Antipyretic Other info - N/A
47
Acetaminophen (tylenol)
Side effects- Hepatotoxicity Other uses- -Antipyretic -Analgesic Other info - NA
48
Non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID) Ibuprofen (motrin) Naproxen (aleve, Anaprox) Diclofenac (Voltaren)
Side effects- Gastrointestinal bleeding Increases bleeding time Other uses- none Other info - NA
49
Glucocorticoids Deltasone (prednisone) Dexamethasone (decadron) Methylprednisolone (solumedrol)
Side effects- Hyperglycemia Delayed wound healing Water retention Weight gain Increased appetite Suppresses the immune response Other uses- Prevention of organ transplant rejection Autoimmune disease treatment Other info - Cautious use in patients with diabetes mellitus due to hyper-glycemic effects Decreases capillary permeability Enhances epinephrine and norepinephrine effects Decreases number of leukocytes to area
50
Cox-2 Inhibitors Celecoxib (celebrex) Valdecoxib (bextra)
Side effects- Cardiac events Gastrointestinal bleeding Other uses- Arthritic Pain Other info - Some drugs in this class have been taken off the market due to cardiovascular side effects

Patho (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions