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ENT 101 > module 9 > Flashcards

module 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

Sustainable and beneficial pest management system

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2
Q

IPM uses

A

Fewer insecticides and pesticides than other methods

Uses non-chemical and chemical methods together

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3
Q

IPM leads to

A

Less affected groundwater and air

Protects beneficial species

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4
Q

IPM methods are reliant on

A

Inspection

Monitoring

surveillance

Good understanding of a pests ecological system

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5
Q

Tactics being used with environmental,etnal sustainability in mind are referred to as

A

Four-tiered IPM Implementation Approach

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6
Q

First step of Four-tiered IPM Implementation Approach

A

Evaluation and establishment of economic threshold for a target pest

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7
Q

Eradication of pests is

A

Rarely the goal of a IPM only keeping them at a non-critical level

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8
Q

Economic/action threshold

A

The point at which a grower needs to take action against a species

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9
Q

Economic injury level

A

Level at which pests cause damage and growers lose money

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10
Q

Economic/action threshold can be used to

A

Monitor pests

Measure crop damage

Correlate number of insects or damage with economic loss

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11
Q

An action threshold can be as low as

A

1 individual

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12
Q

Second step of IPM

A

Identification and monitoring

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13
Q

IPM includes monitoring

A

Before after and during control measures

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14
Q

Forms of monitoring

A

Identifying pest species and crop

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15
Q

Thorough monitoring should be able to

A

Identify pests before they become harmful

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16
Q

Easiest way to sample presence of insects

A

Manually viewing crop to see insect presence

Can be efficient because one to two samples can provide a manager to make a decision on control

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17
Q

In situ sampling

A

Visual observation

Effective for insects that are not active flyers, easy to find, or cause obvious damage to plants

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18
Q

Sweep netting

A

Manager uses a net to sample insects

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19
Q

Knockdown method

A

A container is used to pick up insects and the plant is knocked in order for insects to fall down into the container

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20
Q

Traps often use what kind of cues and why

A

Visual or chemical cues in order to reduce bycatch

Can also use light or heat

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21
Q

Lure

A

Synthetic chemicals with pheromones to attract insects

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22
Q

Funnel traps attract

A

Bark beetles and are long and segmented to mimic a tree trunk

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23
Q

Yellow sticky traps attract

A

Aphids and white flies

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24
Q

Bed bug traps use

A

Light and heat

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25
Q

Emerald Ash Borer bores into

A

Ash trees

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26
Q

Emerald ash borers are invasive in

A

North America

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27
Q

It is difficult to visually monitor emerald ash borers in ash trees because

A

It is difficult to find them until the tree is already dying

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28
Q

What helps predict patterns of spread of emerald ash borers

A

Pheromone traps as well as computer models

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29
Q

Third step of IPM

A

Prevention

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30
Q

Quarantine

A

Legal tool to prevent the spread of pests

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31
Q

Because pests are known to travel with certain materials

A

Those materials are banned from crossing certain borders

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32
Q

Before produce is allowed to be transported it must be

A

Approved to be allowed into the country that it is entering

Goods will be held in shipyards or airports until proven to be free of pests

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33
Q

Apple maggot fly leads to quarantine of produce in

A

Washington to prevent it from being a problem in all of Washington

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34
Q

Quarantine goods can be inspected

A

Visually or using tools

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35
Q

Goods found with pests are often

A

Destroyed

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36
Q

Preventative techniques against pests

A

Sealing areas from pests like using nets

Choosing crops that are resistant or unappealing to the pest

Manipulation of the environment to reduce attraction and establishment of the pest

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37
Q

Education and outreach is also an effective

A

Prevention plan

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38
Q

Fourth step of IPM

A

Control

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39
Q

Control methods are used when

A

Action thresholds have been breached and preventative strategies are no longer effective

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40
Q

All control methods must be measured by

A

Economics and efficiency

Risks to human health

Risks to environment

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41
Q

A pesticide is a

A

Chemical made to kill a pest

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42
Q

Insecticide

A

Chemicals used to kill insects

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43
Q

insecticide cost in a year in the US

A

56 billion

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44
Q

Criteria for what pesticide to use

A

Safety for users

Species specificity

Effectiveness

Persistence in the environment

Speed of action

Cost

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45
Q

Modes of application of insecticides

A

Stomach poisons

Contact poisons

Fumigants

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46
Q

Stomach poisons

A

Chemicals that impact insects through consumption

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47
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) works by

A

Creating open pores in the midgut of the insect, leading to starvation and death

48
Q

Contact poisons

A

Enter insect through the body wall (are absorbed)

49
Q

Fumigants

A

insecticides that are gaseous

Enter through spiracles that open into the tracheal system

50
Q

Fumigants are effective because

A

They kill all life stages of insects

51
Q

Fumigants are usually used in

A

Greenhouses and other contained areas because of the aerosol nature

52
Q

types of chemical insecticides

A

Natural

Synthetic

Hormone analogues

53
Q

Natural insecticides

A

Derived from natural things like plants

Toxins made by plants

54
Q

Natural insecticides are not used in

A

Large scale efforts because extraction is costly

They breakdown easily and need to be reapplied often

55
Q

Pyrethrum

A

Broad spectrum insecticide (kills large variety of insects)

56
Q

Pyrethrum comes from

A

Chrysanthemum flowers

57
Q

Pyrethrum contains

A

Pyrethrins

58
Q

Pyrethrins

A

Low mammalian toxicity

Widely used to contain home and garden pests

59
Q

Nicotine

A

Taken from tobacco plants

Water mixed with this is a natural insecticide

60
Q

Why is nicotine no longer used

A

It is toxic to mammals

61
Q

Natural insecticides are the template for

A

Synthetic ones

62
Q

Synthetic insecticides are made by

A

Humans

63
Q

DDT was first made in

A

WW2 to prevent typhus (spread by lice) and malaria (spread by mosquitoes )

64
Q

Most synthetic insecticides are

A

Neurotoxins that either affect axons or synapses

65
Q

Axonic poisons

A

affect the transmission of axon along the neuron

66
Q

Chlorinated hydrocarbons is the first

A

Axonic poison

67
Q

DDT is a

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbon

68
Q

DDT was discontinued because

A

It had a negative impact on the environment and it was easily passed on with each trophic level through biomagnification

69
Q

Pyrethroid

A

Synthetic chemicals that mimic pyrethrin

Highly toxic to insects by keeping sodium channels open, disrupting the flow of sodium and potassium

Effective at low doses and are not bad for the environment

Easy to manufacture and cheap

70
Q

Organophosphates inhibit

A

AChE which breaks down the excitatory ACh

This leads to constant stimulation of Ash

This leads to constant movement and tremors, eventually leading to death

71
Q

organophosphates are broken down by

A

UV light so they do not accumulate in the environment

72
Q

Organophosphates are harmful

A

If they are inhaled or touched so they are not commercially used anymore

73
Q

Organophosphates are still used to in cases that need a

A

Very effective insecticide

74
Q

Neonicotinoids

A

Mimics nicotine

Mimics ACh but cannot be broken down by AChE

Used to prevent resistance to other types of insecticide

75
Q

Neonicotinoids can be harmful to

A

Bees

Has been banned in some parts of the world

76
Q

Muscle poisons

A

Attack muscle cells

77
Q

Anthracillic diamides

A

Muscle poisons Used to help mitigate problem of insecticide resistance

78
Q

Chlorantraniliprole

A

Muscle poison that stimulated calcium release of muscle cells, eventually depleting it

Leads to paralysis and death

Can be inhaled or enter by touch

Only harms insects which makes them for IPMs

79
Q

Hormone analogues are often

A

Insect specific which makes them safe

80
Q

Juvenile hormone analogues

A

Affects development of insects

Prevents the signal for moulting to occur which may prevent the insect from becoming a reproductively capable adult

81
Q

Ecdysteroid moulting hormone analogues

A

Initiate moulting process

Cannot be cleared from the receptors

Prevents completion of moulting

Larvae and pupae die in the process

82
Q

Methoxyfenozide

A

Ecdysteroid mimic that is effective against lepidopteran pests (caterpillars)

Interrupts moulting

Safe to integrate into IPMs because they bind to insect specific receptors

83
Q

Hormone analogues also have predictable

A

Mortality which makes them effective

84
Q

Non-target effects occur because many insecticides are

A

Broad spectrum (affect many insects)

85
Q

Neurotoxins and broad spectrum insecticides can affect

A

Mammals and birds

86
Q

Insecticide cause the most amount of

A

Pesticide poisoning

87
Q

Guidelines to minimize environmental risk of insecticide

A

Nozzle size to maximize amount that lands on crop

specific dose

time of day to use insecticide

What part of the crop the insecticide is use on

88
Q

Biobed

A

An area full of organisms great for breaking down pesticide

Is a closed system that does not allow water to move out

Resulting mix can be used as a fertilizer

89
Q

Poor use of Insecticide can lead to

A

Resurgence

Replacement

Resistance

90
Q

Resurgence

A

Rebound of a pest population to higher densities than before the insecticide was applied

91
Q

Resurgence occurs mostly with

A

Broad spectrum insecticides that kill enemies of the pest

92
Q

What pest feeds on rice plants

A

Brown planthopper

93
Q

Brown planthopper resurgence of rice plants

A

Insecticide use kills predators of brown plant hoppers, the pest population then rebounded to a larger amount

94
Q

Replacement

A

A broad spectrum insecticide kills off predators of a pest that is normally in check, turning them into a pest

95
Q

Spider mite populations

A

Insecticide killed predators turning them into pests

96
Q

Pest resistance

A

Reduction in sensitivity to a method of control

97
Q

Resistance comes through

A

Natural selection

98
Q

Anopheles mosquito

A

Malaria spreading mosquito gained resistance to insecticide

99
Q

Behavioural resistance

A

When a pest modifies its behaviour to avoid a insecticide

Insects may move to less susceptible parts of the plant like under the leaf

100
Q

Caterpillar behaviour resistance

A

Feeds slowly to allow insecticide to be detoxified

101
Q

Metabolic resistance

A

When a poison is broken down before it reaches the target area by enzymes

Most common form of resistance

102
Q

Metabolic resistance may gain this resistance by

A

Excreting toxin with waste

Shift harmful toxins to exocuticle to shed with next moult

103
Q

Altered target site resistance

A

When a mutation of the target site makes the poison ineffective

104
Q

Mosquito altered target site resistance

A

The mosquitoes developed altered target site resistance to JH

105
Q

Penetration resistance

A

Adaptations which reduce the ability of a insecticide to penetrate the insect

Used in conjunction with other forms of resistance

106
Q

Cross resistance

A

Development of resistance to one poison allows the insect to resist another

107
Q

House fly cross resistance

A

Became resistant to DDT so then became resistant to other forms of synthetic insecticides

108
Q

Biological qualities that promote evolution of resistance example

A

Insects that are concentrated in a small space have more pressure to evolve due to greater exposure

109
Q

More offspring leads to

A

More opportunities to mutate a resistance

110
Q

Short generation times are more

A

Beneficial to mutating a resistance

111
Q

If the economic threshold is low

A

Managers will apply pesticide more often which leads to more opportunities for resistance

112
Q

Applying a chemical before mating

A

Can promote resistance

Only resisted individuals survive and pass on resisted gene

113
Q

Best way to prevent resistance is to implement

A

IPM

Not only using insecticide but other methods

114
Q

Effective way to stop pest resistance

A

Provide a refuge for pest species where no insecticide is present

Surviving individuals of the pesticide area will mate with those that have not been exposed to pesticide

115
Q

Cotton bollworm pest resistance method

A

Refuge pest method

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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