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ENT 101 > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

etiological agents

A

Organisms that directly cause diseases in other organisms

Direct impact

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2
Q

Disease vectors

A

Organisms that transmit other disease causing bacteria from one host to another

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3
Q

How can an insect cause irritation to an animal like a horse

A

By flying too close to the eyes mouth or nose

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4
Q

Presence of bugs and mosquitos can cause

A

Irritation and harm to animals such as a lack of eating and self injury

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5
Q

Bed bugs

A

Bite humans at night when sleeping

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6
Q

Extermination of bed bugs is

A

Very difficult because it is difficult to reach them with insecticides and they have great numbers

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7
Q

How can insects contaminate food

A

Leaving behind body fragments

Transfer of pathogen onto food

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8
Q

Example of insect that transfers pathogens onto food

A

Cockroaches

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9
Q

Arthropods that inject venom as a defence mechanism

A

Many Hymenoptera

Some Hemiptera

Spiders

Scorpions

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10
Q

Caterpillar setae can cause

A

Irritation and harm to humans

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11
Q

Exsanguination

A

Blood loss

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12
Q

Ticks infest

A

Moose and cause exsanguination

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13
Q

Tick infestations of moose can lead to how much blood loss

A

20L for one moose

Average moose has 32L of blood

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14
Q

Maggots cause harm by

A

Invading host tissue

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15
Q

Maggots either infest

A

Subcutaneous tissue or organs

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16
Q

Two types of human psychological disorders associate with insects

A

Phobias

Delusional parasitosis

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17
Q

Entomophobia and Arachnophobia

A

Fear of insects and spiders

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18
Q

People with Entomophobia and Arachnophobia may apply

A

Insecticides which leads to health issues

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19
Q

Delusional parasitosis

A

Individuals are convinced they are inhabited by parasites. The emotional distress significantly decreases quality of life

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20
Q

Transmission cycle

A

Process of diseases being transmitted to a host by a vector

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21
Q

Transmission cycle or an arthropod to a host consists of 3 cycles

A

A vertebrate host is infected

An arthropod vector picks up the infection from the vertebrate

The arthropod passes it on to another vertebrate host

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22
Q

Disease causing organism only reproduces in

A

The definitive host

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23
Q

Intermediate host

A

A host where the parasite may produce asexually rather than sexually

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24
Q

Humans are considered

A

Definitive hosts for parasitic worms

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25
Q

Mosquitos are considered

A

Intermediate hosts for parasitic worms

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26
Q

Disease vectors find suitable hosts by cues such as

A

Body heat

CO2

Color

Shape

Odour

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27
Q

Vectors have well developed

A

Sensory organs to respond to host cues

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28
Q

Two basic mechanisms of disease transmission

A

Mechanical transmission

Biological transmission

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29
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

Occurs through direct contact between the vector and the disease causing host

The disease does not undergo development during this

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30
Q

Common avenues of mechanical transmission

A

Infected mouthparts or regurgitation during feeding

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31
Q

Because during mechanical transmission no development occurs, this means

A

The number of infectious units declines over time

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32
Q

House flies vector diseases through

A

Mechanical transmission

Infects hosts food

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33
Q

Biological transmission

A

Diseases causing organisms go through development on the vector

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34
Q

Biological transmission leads to an increase in

A

Infection rate with time due to development

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35
Q

Malaria is an example of

A

Biological transmission

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36
Q

Biological transmission vectors often have

A

Adapted mouthparts to access blood of hosts

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37
Q

Chagas disease is transmitted through

A

Excretion

Feces contaminated with feeding kissing bugs are accidentally scratched into an open wound

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38
Q

Biological transmission can be categorized into either

A

Horizontal transmission or vertical transmission

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39
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

Disease causing organisms moving between vectors and organisms or just between vectors

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40
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Occurs when disease causing organisms are passed between generations

Passed form adult female to her offspring

Transmitted through infected ovarian tissues into the embryo

Disease is maintained through development

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41
Q

Vector competence

A

Vectors ability to maintain and transmit disease

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42
Q

Barriers to vector competence

A

Maintenance of the disease causing organism will be compromised if it is attacked by the vector’s immune system

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43
Q

Global trade and travel has led to the movement

A

of insects and disease vectors

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44
Q

Vectors in new ranges can become

A

Invasive by the diseases they carry

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45
Q

asian longhorned tick

A

Moved from Asia to Australia and has expanded and vectors several human and animal diseases

Has recently been found in East USA

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46
Q

Diseases are greatly carried by

A

Ticks

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47
Q

Human activities like deforestation can cause

A

Significant change in disease transmission dynamics

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48
Q

Human factors that affect vector born disease spread

A

Human nature involvement

Human movement and package movement

Climate change

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49
Q

Morbidity

A

being sick

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50
Q

Mortality

A

Death

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51
Q

WHO says that vector born diseases make up

A

17 percent of all diseases

52
Q

Medical entomology

A

Field of study that focuses on arthropods and insects that affect human health

53
Q

Epidemiology

A

The branch of science that deals with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases and other factors that affect populations

54
Q

Medical entomologists study

A

Study biological and environmental variables that affect insect vectors and spread of disease

55
Q

Until world war 2 more soldiers died from what than actual war

A

Disease

56
Q

Human Body Louse causes

Prediculus humanus

A

Epidemic Typhus

57
Q

Human Body Louse is a

A

An intracellular parasite that destroys the cells that line blood vessels

58
Q

Epidemic Typhus patients suffer from

A

Rashes and muscle aches. If left untreated, patients have low blood pressure and slip into a coma and die

59
Q

Epidemic Typhus greatly affected which historical events

A

Napoleon’s army was greatly affected and led to his loss

Russian Civil War

World War 1

60
Q

The bacteria that causes epidemic typhus is classified as a

A

Bioterrorism agent

61
Q

The plague is caused by the bactera

A

Yersinia pestis

62
Q

Yersinim pestis is bacteria that comes from

A

Fleas

63
Q

Most common flea culprit of the plague

A

Oriental Rat Flea

Human Fleas

64
Q

Symptoms once infected by Yersinia pestis

A

The lymph nodes swell and if they break open, the bacteria spreads into the bloodstream and lungs

65
Q

Epidemics occur

A

When a disease spreads across a large region

66
Q

1st Plague Outbreak is known as the

A

Justinian Plague

67
Q

Justinian Plague occurred in the

A

6th century and killed 15-40% of human populations in the Middle East and Europe

68
Q

2nd Plague outbreak is known as

A

The Black Death

69
Q

Black death occurred in

A

Europe and killed 10-40percent of population in area

70
Q

3rd plague outbreak occurred in

A

China and India in the late 19th and 20th century

71
Q

Most human plagues modern day occur in

A

Africa

72
Q

Arthropod born diseases are most common in

A

Developing tropical regions of the world where conditions are best for insect vectors

73
Q

Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis

A

Round worms are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause tissue swelling and thickened skin

74
Q

Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis leads to

A

High morbidity and disfiguration

75
Q

Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis occurs mostly in

A

Tropical regions

76
Q

Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis treatment methods

A

Preventative chemo and deworming drugs

77
Q

Malaria is transmitted by

A

Mosquitoes

78
Q

Malaria causes

A

Sever anemia and multiple organ failure and death

79
Q

Who is most at risk of malaria

A

children followed by pregnant women and hiv patients

80
Q

Malaria happens mostly in

A

Tropical and sub-tropical regions

Mostly in Africa and south-east Asia

81
Q

Primary method of preventing malaria

A

Bed nets as well as insecticide

82
Q

Zika virus had a n outbreak in

A

Brazil in 2015

83
Q

Zika virus was most likely transmitted by

A

Travelers

84
Q

Zika has an association with

A

Microcephaly (deforms infants)

85
Q

Zika is transmitted by

A

Aedes mosquitos

86
Q

Zika is found in

A

Tropical environments

87
Q

Zika symptoms

A

Fever, headache, muscle and joint soreness and rashes

Symptoms are mild

88
Q

Zika complications happen when

A

It is passed on through pregnancy, can lead to brain abnormalities in the fetus

89
Q

Concerns that zika can be transmitted

A

Sexually

90
Q

Zika used to not be a problem until

A

Human movement has led to the vector being more spread and common

91
Q

Lyme disease comes from

A

Ticks

92
Q

Lyme disease happens mostly

A

in the northern hemisphere

93
Q

Lyme disease symptoms

A

Vary among individuals

94
Q

Lyme disease can lead to

A

Chronic neurological and heart issues

95
Q

Veterinary entomology

A

How insects affect domestic animals

96
Q

Feeding by mites can cause

A

Inflammation of the skin and itching and irritation which can further lead to crusting and hair loss

97
Q

Mange

A

Caused by mites and spreads by contact

98
Q

Livestock affected by mange must be

A

Quarantined

99
Q

Mange can be passed to

A

Humans depending on the species of mite

100
Q

Some biting arthropods can transfer

A

Disease causing organisms

101
Q

Dog heartworm

A

Transmitted by infected mosquitoes

Worm feeds on dog and grows larger inside dog

102
Q

Dog heart worm can cause

A

Blockage of circulatory system

Exhaustion

Abnormal lungs

Death

103
Q

Recurring infection of dog heart worm is

A

possible

104
Q

Dog heart worms can not cause issues to

A

Humans

105
Q

Bluetongue is caused by

A

RNA viruses which come from biting midges

106
Q

Bluetongue affects

A

Cattle deer buffalo goats etc.

Most severely affects sheep

107
Q

Bluetongue causes

A

Lesions

Internal hemorraging

Fluid buildup in lungs

Death

Disrupted wool growth

Underweight/deformed young

Stillbirths and miscarriages

Weight loss

108
Q

Nagana virus is passed on by

A

Tsetse flies

109
Q

Nagana infects

A

Red blood cells and causes fever weakness and lethargy

110
Q

Nagana leads to

A

Weight loss

111
Q

Nagana has led to the lack of agriculture in

A

Africa

112
Q

What arthropod types cause disease to plants

A

Aphids
Planthoppers
Leafhoppers
Bark beetles

113
Q

Types of transmission for plant viruses

A

Non-persistent

Semi-persistant

Persistent

114
Q

Non persistent transmission

A

Virus only remains on mouthparts and is passed on while feeding

Unique to aphids

Does not require incubation to become viral so can be passed on immediately after taking the virus

115
Q

Semi-persistent transmission

A

Virus moves into foregut of vector and does not move into tissue

Can be transmitted in a short timespan

116
Q

Persistent transmission

A

Require a persistent feeding period and the disease must be incubated and remain in the vector for a long time

Disease circulates in the tissues

Some can be passed from mothers to offspring

Happens in leafhoppers

117
Q

Potato leafroll virus vector

A

Green peach aphid

118
Q

Potato leafroll virus

A

Can cause curling of the lead

Can stunt growth and cause necrosis if it reaches roots

119
Q

Fireblight affects

A

Pear and apple tissues

120
Q

Fireblight causes

A

A scorched appearance of dead leaves and infected fruit

Infected fruit wither and darken

121
Q

Insects as vectors for fireblights

A

Can be caused be feeding, wood boaring and pollination

122
Q

Dutch elm disease caused by

A

Elm bark beetles

123
Q

Dutch elm disease causes

A

Blocking of nutrient uptake of tree

Disfiguration and loss of leaves of the tree then occur

124
Q

Dutch elm tree development may take

A

Years but death of the tree can happen after months

125
Q

Dutch elm disease is moving

A

westward

126
Q

Alberta has the highest population of

A

Dutch elm disease free elm trees

127
Q

Preventative measures of dutch elm disease

A

Burning of trees and use of fungicide

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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