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ENT 101 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Insect nervous system is made of

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives stimuli

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Receives action potential from dendrite

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5
Q

Axon

A

Moves signal to another neuron or tissue

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6
Q

Synapse

A

Neuron signals are passed through neurotransmitters

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7
Q

PNS

A

Receives info and sends to CNS

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8
Q

CNS

A

Where info is processed

Has brain and ventral nerve chord

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9
Q

Sensory receptors are found in places like

A

Antennae and compound eyes and feet

Part of PNS

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10
Q

Trichoid sensillum

A

PNS receptor that detects movement (mechanoreception)

Seta (hair structure) moves and generates action potential sent to CNS

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11
Q

Chemoreception

A

Sita is holes that allow chemicals in and these chemicals dissolve in the neuron and this is connected to CNS

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12
Q

Types of trichoid sensilla that detect chemoreception

A

Contact chemoreceptors (detect substances in fluids)

Olfactory chemoreceptors
(detect substances in the air)

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13
Q

Insect nerv chord is

A

Ventral

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14
Q

Ganglia

A

Located along the CNS and are connected to CNS by connectives

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15
Q

Derived insects ganglia amount vs ancestors is

A

Less because they are more fused

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16
Q

Insect brain

A

3 distinct pairs of ganglia with different functions

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17
Q

Largest part of brain

A

Receives inputs from PNS and other structures in the brain
Contain mushroom bodies

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18
Q

Mushroom bodies

A

Sort information

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19
Q

2nd part of brain

A

Receives input from antennae and transmit this info to higher processing sectors to influence behaviour

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20
Q

Third part of brain receives input from

A

Rest of body

Mostly foregut and labium

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21
Q

Subesophageal ganglion

A

Control mouthparts and is bridge between nervous system and the rest of the nervous system

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22
Q

Neurosecratory cells

A

Release insect hormones and neurohormones

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23
Q

Neurohormones

A

Promote further hormone production in endocrine

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24
Q

Ecdysteroid and juvenile hormones affect

A

Processes in the body that allow development like moulting

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25
Q

Neurohormones stimulate the release of ecdysteroid hormones by

A

Prothoracic glands

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26
Q

Neurohormones are released by

A

Corpora Cardiaca

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27
Q

Juvenile hormone is released by

A

Corpora Allata

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28
Q

Axonic poisons

A

Affect axon signal movement

Insects begin twitching and lose mobility

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29
Q

DDT

A

Colourless and odourless chemical used against insects

Ended up being toxic and an environmental poison during WW2

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30
Q

Synaptic poisons

A

Forces and increase in synapses

Results in tremors restlessness and eventually death

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31
Q

Internal fertilization protects

A

Gametes

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32
Q

Internal fertilization have led to the development of

A

Courtship behaviours

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33
Q

Communication of sexes is used through

A

Visual signals

Auditory signals

Pheromone signalling

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34
Q

Pheromone

A

Chemical signal that when received, changes the behaviour of target

Used for communication

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35
Q

Singing in insects

A

Louder signalling is more preferred because it can represent fitness

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36
Q

Butterflies use

A

Visual cues

37
Q

Fireflies use

A

Light communication

38
Q

Males do courtship behaviours like

A

Dances

39
Q

Rhino beetles

A

Have exaggerated horns to attract females

40
Q

Male competition

A

Does not always end in a fight- sometimes the less fit one will back off

41
Q

Aphrodisiacs

A

Makes the stimulate sexual receptivity

42
Q

Multi-modal communication

A

Chemical and visual cues are both used

Example is butterflies

43
Q

Nuptial gift

A

Allows female to assess male fitness

Also can distract female so male can transfer sperm

Often provide nutrition to female

44
Q

Spermatophylax

A

Gift from male given to female with both nutrients and sperm

45
Q

Sexual cannabilism

A

Male gives female nutrients after mating

46
Q

Males do courtship because

A

Females have more investment in offspring

47
Q

Reproductive system is found in

A

Abdomen

48
Q

Repro system is designed for

A

Sperm receive and storage and manipulation as well as eggs

49
Q

Females have

A

Two ovaries

Each has one or more ovarioles which is where the egg is made

50
Q

Egg has

A

Yolk on inside and chorion on outside

51
Q

Oogenesis

A

Egg production

52
Q

Egg moves from ovary to

A

Genital chamber through oviduct

53
Q

Spermatheca

A

Holds sperm and gland inside keeps sperm viable

54
Q

Accessory gland

A

Makes glues that allows the egg to stick to surfaces during oviposition

55
Q

Ovipositor

A

Where the egg travels through to be laid

56
Q

Egg is layed

A

When egg is in early development

Egg is protected and yolk is used for nutrients

57
Q

Sperm production happens in paired

A

Testes

58
Q

Sperm travels from testes to

A

Seminal vesicle through vas deferens

59
Q

Sperm is sent into the female through the

A

Ejaculatory duct

60
Q

Male accessory glands help

A

Protect and deliver sperm

Can also help make nuptial gifts

Can also make females less attracted to other males or not allow other males to enter repro tract

61
Q

Traumatic insemination

A

Male penetrates a new hole into female and lays egg in blood

62
Q

Sexual conflict

A

Males and females copulation has conflict

63
Q

Water strider copulation

A

Male mounts female on the water and female has to support the male

can be 4 minutes to 7 hours long

64
Q

Redbacked water strider

A

Females have a blockage to males appendage

65
Q

Male redback water strider response

A

Calls a predator and makes the female choose between death and an energy costly copulation

66
Q

Most insects repro

A

Sexually

67
Q

Oviparity

A

Females deposit eggs externally

68
Q

Oviposition

A

Egg moving from body to outside environment

69
Q

Females create

A

Large amount of offspring

70
Q

Chorion

A

Prevents water loss

71
Q

Male giant waterbug

A

Female lays eggs on the male forewings and male protects the eggs and make sure they get oxygen

72
Q

Ovoviviparity

A

Keeping the eggs inside the body for protection

Hatching can happen in the female

73
Q

Viviparity

A

Live birth

Embryo is developed in female but different from ovoviviparity because the egg does not get nutrients from yolk but the female itself

Restricts the amount of young the female can have

74
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Asexual reproduction

Example is aphids where the children are genetic copies of mothers

75
Q

Aphid reproduction goes nonstop until

A

Conditions deteriorate due to cold

Females then make males because genetic variation is more important than simply increasing numbers

76
Q

Holocyclic

A

During different periods the female can reproduce sexually and asexually

77
Q

Males in insects like bees and ants are

A

Unfertilized and haploids

78
Q

Paedogenesis

A

Juveniles reproduce

Can be sexual or asexual

79
Q

Paedogenesis forms a

A

Complex life cycle

Adults are only produced in certain conditions

Repro is done by larvae

80
Q

Polyembryony

A

One egg splits into many

Done in parasitic insects

Allows the female laying the eggs in the host to have little energy cost (also lowers predation)

Embryos receive nutrients from host

81
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Both male and female sex characteristics are available

but insect still mostly chooses sexual repro

82
Q

Mating disruption

A

Exploits phéromone type mating

Stops reproduction

Meant for pest management

Uses manmade pheromones to disrupt mate finding process

83
Q

Mating disruption only works when pest population is

A

Low because if it is high then the male will find the female by chance anyways

84
Q

Mating disruption is high cost and only used when

A

There is no other option or if the crops are high value

85
Q

Gypsy moth

A

Very invasive species whose spread has been reduced due to mating disruption

86
Q

Sterile insect technique (SIT)

A

Releases large amount of sterile individuals into pest population

Uses a large amount of sterile individuals so a lot of resources are needed

87
Q

Sterilization happens through

A

Ionizing radiation

Genetic manipulation

RNA manipulation.

88
Q

For SIT to be effective

A

The amount of mating with sterile individuals must be greater than non-sterile mating.

This means that sterile population management must be maintained

89
Q

SIT is worth it due to its cost because it is

A

Effective and does not use chemicals

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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