Module 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Flying insects measured in Germany

A

The insects were measured over 26 years and the amount caught greatly decreased over the time of the study

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2
Q

Bumblebee populations have greatly

A

Decreased and it is an important pollinator

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3
Q

Ants and termites

A

Facilitate movement of organic and inorganic materials in and out of the ground

Enriches soil

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4
Q

Insect decomposers promote the

A

nutrient cycle

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5
Q

Disturbance of insect populations greatly affect

A

Predator populations

Study shows that bird population decreases with decreasing insect population

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6
Q

Spotted flycatcher bird

A

Population decreased by 90 percent because of insect population decrease

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7
Q

Insects can be used for

A

Biomonitoring

they can represent overall health of an ecosystem and respond quickly to environmental change

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8
Q

Biomonitoring

A

Monitoring ecosystem using indicator species

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9
Q

Butterflies can serve as

A

Indicator species because they are sensitive to changes and easily spotted

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10
Q

Biomonitoring may help us

A

Understand natural processes that affect ecosystems

Can also help use identify human impacts

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11
Q

Largest cause of insect loss

A

Habitat loss and fragmentation

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12
Q

Deforestation over the past 56 years is the size of

A

Russia

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13
Q

Grasslands have been lost to

A

Livestock production and overgrazing

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14
Q

Overgrazing makes

A

dessert like habitats

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15
Q

Aquatic ecosystem being affected by humans

A

Construction of canals and reservoirs influence groundwater saturation in a region

This affects soil characteristics that affects plants and therefore insects that need those plants

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16
Q

Dams often affects

A

Aquatic insects negatively

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17
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

The process by which continuous habitats are fragmented by human intervention

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18
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Inbreeding happens so much that the health of the population is greatly impacted

Common when habitat fragmentation has occurred

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19
Q

Habitat fragmentation occurs mostly from

A

Agricultural devleopment and urbanization

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20
Q

Highly modified landscapes come from the need of

A

Agriculture

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21
Q

Agriculture leads to

A

local extinction of insects

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22
Q

agriculture Situation is more dire for insects that have

A

low dispersal abilities like small bodied insects

special habitat requirements like aquatic insects

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23
Q

Forest tent caterpillar

Fragmented forests

A

Parasitoid wasps that infect forest tent caterpillar will not enter fragmented forests, so the caterpillars become an outbreak when left unchecked and clear forests

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24
Q

Fragmentation can also occur from

A

Formation of survey or seismic lines

removing long strips of forests

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25
Q

Urbanization

A

The process of which people go from rural areas to urban areas

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26
Q

As urbanization increases

A

Footprint of people increase and habitats are lost

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27
Q

Roads fragment

A

Natural habitats

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28
Q

Vehicle emissions and other human emissions

A

Affect insect habitat and wellbeing

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29
Q

Heat from urban environments leads to

A

Higher than normal temp in habitats

Negatively affects insects because they are ectotherms and respond to heat

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30
Q

Diurnal insects (day insects) exposed to light at night by urbanization leads to them

A

Have their circadian rhythms interrupted

Interrupted rest cycles which lead to altered reproductive cycles

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31
Q

Nocturnal insects can be fooled into

A

Movement towards an unnatural light source that moves them away from their habitat, exposing them to predators

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32
Q

Light pollution is a form of

A

habitat loss

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33
Q

Dung beetles use

A

light from the stars at night to know where to move their dung

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34
Q

When light pollution is present

dung beetles

A

Move sporadically and ended up carrying dung back to source

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35
Q

Temp beyond the range of survival

A

Slows growth

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36
Q

Warmer temp promotes

A

Faster development towards sexual maturity

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37
Q

Temperature-size rule

A

Ectothermic animals that grow under warm conditions grow faster and reach sexual maturity faster but are smaller adults than this that grow under cooler environments

38
Q

Body size of beetles in Canada have

A

Decreased due to temp

39
Q

Effects of smaller body size

A

Potentially smaller eggs and smaller offspring less equipped to exploit their environment

Leads to damage in the food web because smaller insects are lower in quality of food for predators

40
Q

Climate change greatly affects parasitoids because they have

A

Poor dispersal

Narrow habitats

Have intimate interactions with their hosts

41
Q

If parasitoid host interactions are disturbed

A

Biological control of pests can be disturbed

42
Q

Ice bugs and climate change

A

Ice bugs have died due to increasing temp and degradation of habitats because of it

43
Q

Tropical insect climate change effects

A

As the temperature increases, the upper threshold may be reached, leading to a decline in these species

44
Q

Temperate insect climate change effects

A

Overall temp and insect density is lower

with climate change, these insects may reach the optimal temp range and populations may increase

This leads to increased metabolic activity which may lead to increase crop destruction

45
Q

Insect predicted response to climate change

A

Insects will move towards the poles are to different habitats with a better temp range

46
Q

For every 1 degree in temp change insect populations move

A

170m up in elevation

or 150km poleward in latitude

47
Q

Populations that have range shifts in response to climate change may be a problem because

A

If not enough insects reach the leading edge of a population expansion, there may be too few insects to locate and mate

Populations may be isolated from each other leading to inbreeding depression

48
Q

Short generation times allow insects to

A

adapt to climate change quickly

49
Q

Winter moth

A

Remain active in falls and winter

Eggs overwinter inside European oak

Climate change has led to asynchrony between the host and the larvae emerging

Winter moths combat this with either a different host or a delay in egg hatching

50
Q

Invasive species

A

Organisms that have established populations in a new range

51
Q

Invasive species outcompete native organisms by

A

Outcompeting to exploiting resources

Lack of natural predators

52
Q

Plants lack

A

Adaptations to deal with invasive species

53
Q

People transport

A

Invasive species through global food trade and moving wood etc

54
Q

A common invasive species is

A

Ants

55
Q

Spotted lantern fly causes a lot of

A

Economic loss due to the large amount of plants it eats

They have a high fecundity and can be transported by people

56
Q

Spotted wing fruit fly

A

Female flies have ovipositors that place eggs in fruit and can easily spoil food

no natural of these invasive specie

57
Q

Hemlock woolly adelgid

A

Feeds on hemlock trees and causes them to die

Reduces habitat quality of birds that need high canopies

Lack of high canopy trees means that low canopy trees can be established and different bird species can emerge

58
Q

Parasitoid fly as an invasive species

A

Brought in as a biological control with gypsy moth but ended up attacking other flies

59
Q

Overexploitation by humans

A

People may collect or harvest insects for reasons like being kept as pets or medicine or food which may lead to them becoming invasive or endangered

60
Q

Poor harvesting processes

A

Harvesting them as insects leading to a lack of adults

61
Q

Overharvesting is not as much of a factor as

A

Other factors like deforestation

62
Q

Steps of biodiversity conservation

A

Prioritization

Inventory and monitoring

Mangement

63
Q

Prioritization

A

Picking and prioritizing what species to protect

Allows us to determine what goals are needed to protect the species and to promote biodiversity overall

64
Q

Irreplaceability

A

The conservation value of a specific target

Can be used to determine priorities of action for the species

65
Q

First application of irreplaceability

A

Emphasizes conservation efforts in geographical regions most likely to be severely impacted by climate and landscape changes

More biodiversity is likely to be wiped out in these easily impacted areas

66
Q

Emphasizing a conservation location may be imbalanced because

A

Temperate habitats like the USA or Canada have a lot more knowledge and research conducted than tropical areas

67
Q

Irreplaceability is higher for

A

rare species with limited geographic region occupied

68
Q

Because monarch butterflies migrate across all of North America they are great

A

Indicator species

Recent studies have not been good for overwintering monarchs

69
Q

High density of insect does not mean that they are

A

Endangered

70
Q

Knowledge of a species location allowed conservation managers to

A

associate the species with environmental features

71
Q

Inventory at risk populations

A

Detailed mapping and quantifications of a specie sin question

72
Q

It is more difficult to quantify insects because they are

A

small

73
Q

Monitoring

A

tracking insect response to factors and populations

74
Q

Regular monitoring is often done by simple

A

biodiversity surveys

ie. Trapping and counting insects

75
Q

biodiversity surveys can be

A

time consuming

76
Q

It is difficult to monitor insects because

A

They are measured as adults and do not have long adults stages so the opportunity to study them is small

77
Q

Citizen science example

A

Butterfly counts done by butterfly watchers to help monitor populations

78
Q

Mission monarch

A

Members of the public count monarch butterflies in milkweeds and report it to the website to help monitoring

79
Q

Citizen science cons

A

Citizens may provide timing bias because they are more likely to view in the day time so no nocturnal species may be found

data may be skewed by location accessibility

Insect identification can be different and may be misidentified

Insects may have polymorphism

Sexual dimorphism

Juvenile insects looking much different from adults

80
Q

Polymorphism

A

Same species having multiple distinguishing morphs

81
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Males and females looking different

82
Q

Insect management requires not just insect conservation but

A

Habitat conservation

83
Q

Parks and reserves

A

Areas of minimal interference that have high sustainability

84
Q

Parks in urban areas

A

Lessens the impact of human interference

85
Q

Conservation is more tailored towards

A

Species people love

so not insects

86
Q

most commonly conserved insects

A

Butterflies

87
Q

an important tool to promote the conservation of insects is

A

public outreach like having a butterfly house

88
Q

Flagship species

A

when a specific species is used in conservation efforts to evoke public effort

89
Q

Umbrella effect

A

Helping one species in a habitat helps multiple

90
Q
A