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ENT 101 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pollination

A

Male gametes of flowers being transferred to female gametes

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2
Q

Gymnosperms are mostly pollinated by

A

Wind

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3
Q

Pollen in flowering plants is made in the

A

Anther

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4
Q

Pollen from males is transferred to the

A

Stigma (female reproductive organ) and then the ovary where they are fused

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5
Q

Zygotes become

A

Seeds

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6
Q

Pollination that is aided by insects is known as

A

Entomophily

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7
Q

Anything that assists in pollination is

A

a pollinator

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8
Q

Animal pollination is more effective than

A

Wind pollination as the pollen moves through the organism to a targeted destination

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9
Q

Only adult insects can

A

Pollinate and they have adapted mechanisms like long tubes for mouths to better pollinate

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10
Q

Insects adaptations for pollen

A

Can have hairs to help pick up pollen

Pollen baskets on the hind legs to carry pollen

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11
Q

Pollination is

A

Mutualistic

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12
Q

Pollinators can be

A

Generalists (bumblebees) or specialists

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13
Q

Specialists

A

Only pollinate certain plants, for plants they are beneficial because it decreases the chance of pollen being lost for plants and the pollinators have an exclusive food source without competition

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14
Q

Pollinators use what to signal to insects

A

Visual cues

Scent (can trick the insect into pollinating by providing a scent of a mate or food)

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15
Q

Nectar guides

A

UV light provided by flowers that is visible to insects but invisible to humans

Used to send a signal to insects

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16
Q

Harmful insects to pollinators

Nectar robbers

A

Tear open flowers to feed on nectar and do not even pollinate

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17
Q

Industrialization has affected

A

Pollen forming plants as well as pollinators

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18
Q

Insecticide pollinator affects

A

Can be found in the pollen of plants which can lead to it killing pollinators

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19
Q

Neonicotinoids

A

Considered safe for vertebrates but deadly for insects

Have very negative effects on pollinators (can disrupt behaviour and ability to learn or even kill them)

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20
Q

Two types of pollinators

A

Wild vs managed pollinator

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21
Q

Managed pollinator best example

A

Bees

First insects to be domesticated and forage on pollen

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22
Q

Other managed pollinators

A

Bumblebees

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23
Q

Bumblebees pollination method

A

Buzz pollination

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24
Q

Buzz pollination

A

Once in the flower, the bee violently shakes its wings to release pollen

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25
Q

Alfafa Leafcutter Bee

A

Used for alfalfa and are not part of colonies

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26
Q

Mason bees

A

Solitary bees that visit only visit flowers near their nesting site which makes it easy for people to exploit them by putting pollinating crops near their nests

Have high level of activity during flowering season and short flight season, meaning insecticide use can be times to protect the bees

Mostly used for tree fruit

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27
Q

Apiculture

A

Managing bees in hives built by people

Important in agriculture and environmental health

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28
Q

Most honey production is produced by

A

Domesticated bees

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29
Q

Bees environmental services

A

They are generalist pollinators

80 percent of insect pollination

contribute $19 billion to the USA alone

$2 billion to Canada

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30
Q

Almonds and apples are dependent on

A

Honey bees

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31
Q

Equipment used to protect beekeepers

A

Special sting proof suits

Smokers to calm the bees down

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32
Q

Busy Bee Farm Interview

A

Small window to prepare for winter (must provide sugar to bees so they do not starve)

Wax is collected as a byproduct

Varroa mite is harmful for bees and need to be dealt with

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33
Q

First bee domesticated by people

A

European honeybee

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34
Q

European honeybees

A

Great for pollination

Lives in large colonies and nests in natural cavities

can regulate nest temperature

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35
Q

African honey bee

A

They are more aggressive and have become invasive

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36
Q

Africanized honey bees

A

This hybrid can take over honeybee hives which is adverse

They are more aggressive and have become invasive

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37
Q

Giant honey bees

A

Never been domesticated and lives in South Asia and honey is removed from wild colonies

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38
Q

Eusociality

A

Cooperative brood care (take care of individuals that are not their own)

Overlap of generations

CASTE system (most of the colony does not reproduce)

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39
Q

Eusociality is present in

A

Ants bees and wasps

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40
Q

Haplodiploidy

A

Sex determination system found in all Hymenoptera

Females are diploid and males are haploid

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41
Q

Hapoldiploidy showing relatedness

A

Full sisters are more related (0.75) than their own offspring

This means that more copies of a daughter’s genes will be passed on if she helps her mother make more sisters rather than have her own children

This leads to more altruistic behaviour

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42
Q

Colonies of honeybee castes

A

worker females

reproductive queens

Male drones

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43
Q

Worker honey bees

A

Non reproductive females that do foraging, brood care and defence

Highest amount of bees in the colony

Small ovaries and lack the necessery structures for fertilization

This means that any eggs they hatch will not be fertilized and become males

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44
Q

Worker bee adults start as

A

Nurse bees

Tend to the hive

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45
Q

Worker bees that are older become

A

Guard bees

46
Q

After becoming guard bees, the workers become

A

Foragers after 21 days

Use the position of the sun and landmarks to find food

Can visit up to 2000 flowers but only produce 1/12th of a teaspoon of honey in her lifetime

47
Q

Workers specialized glands

A

Mandibular glands

Convert pollen and nectar into food for the larvae

Can be worker jelly or honey or royal jelly

48
Q

All larvae receive

A

Royal jelly for the first three days of life

49
Q

Worker larvae receive

A

Worker jelly

50
Q

Larvae intended to become queens receive

A

Royal jelly

51
Q

During times of resource scarcity, worker bees

A

Will be more guard-like and defensive of foreign invader bees that may invade and steal honey

52
Q

During times of resource abundance

A

Guard bees allow foreign workers from other colonies to enter because these bees propose little threat and may provide gifts of honey and pollen to be adopted into the colony

53
Q

Queen honey bee mating

A

Will take nuptual flights during the summer and mating occurs in the air

They will do this about 15 times

Allows her to have enough sperm to keep a colony

Sperm is stored in the spermatheca

Enormous ovaries can make 1500 eggs a day in the summer

54
Q

Queens can sting

A

Multiple times rather than once due to small barbs on the stingers

55
Q

Worker bees can sting

A

Insects multiple times

but vertebrates catch the barbs and pull off the stinger

56
Q

Queen stinger has more

A

Venom and is used to sting competition

57
Q

Male drone bees

A

One objective which is mating

58
Q

Drone adaptations

A

Large eyes to spot a queen

Olfactory receptors tuned to find queen pheromones

Large wings and flight muscles (fastest male reaches the queen first)

59
Q

Drones die

A

After mating because the phallus are removed

60
Q

Larval queen cells size is relatively

A

Larger

61
Q

What development day does the caste determine what type of bee the larvae is

A

4th day

62
Q

How many more times do nurse bees visit queen cells over worker cells

A

10 times

63
Q

Juvenile hormones levels of queens versus workers

A

Higher for queens in larval stage and the same in pupation

64
Q

Honeybee chewing-lapping mouthparts labium

A

Labium is modified into a tongue that is used to uptake nectar

65
Q

Honeybee mandibles use

A

Used to build colony

66
Q

Pollen baskets in the tibia

A

Allows for them to pack pollen

67
Q

Honeybee eyes allow them to detect

A

Nectar guides

68
Q

Honeybee body heat generation

A

Decouples flight muscles from the wings and vibrates them to produce heat

69
Q

Heat as a defence mechanism for honeybees

A

Bees swarm hornets and vibrate wings to increase heat and cook and suffocate hornet

70
Q

Honey bee stinger

A

Modified ovipositor only present in females

Use of stinger leads to the death of the bee

71
Q

To ensure sugar is broken down, bees

A

Regurgitate nectar from one to another and the enzymes of each one breaks down the sugars and they are then deposited into a cell

72
Q

What do bees do before closing off a cell of honey in the hive

A

They flap their wings to evaporate water

This along with the acidic nature of honey makes it inhospitable for bacteria and fungi

73
Q

What to do when a bee colony is too large

A

The queen forms a swarm of workers and a new queen is made

The old queen takes some workers away from the colony

74
Q

What process signals that the bee colony is too large

A

the queen’s pheromones change

makes the workers look for a new colony

75
Q

bees aggressiveness when in a swarm

A

Low because they do not have honey to protect

76
Q

European honey bee dance language is performed by

A

Worker bees on vertical surfaces of honey combs

77
Q

Round dance communicates

A

Availability of food

78
Q

Foragers exchange what during the round dance in order to tell other bees about the type and quality of food

A

Small bits of food that also provide a scent

79
Q

Round dance does not convey

A

Exact location of food

80
Q

Waggle dance

A

Communicates exact location specifically the direction and distance of far away food

81
Q

Waggle dance involves

A

Moving in a figure 8 pattern and shaking their abdomen while moving in it

82
Q

The angle of the vertical axes of the straight portion of the waggle dance indicates

A

The direction of the food source relative to the sun

83
Q

The length of the straight portion of the waggle dance comminicates

A

the distance from the colony

84
Q

Bees convey distance using

A

The amount of effort used to get to a food source

Therefore food sources that have a lot of wind in the way will take more effort

85
Q

Bees will waggle more vigorously if

A

The food source is more abundant

86
Q

Pollen and nectar in the waggle dance

A

Can be exchanged

87
Q

For food that is between 15-100 metres away
what dance is performed

A

Intermediate dances are performed between the waggle and round dances

88
Q

Dorso-ventral abdominal vibration dance (DVAV)

A

Involves the torso-ventral vibration of the bee’s vibration

89
Q

DVAV is used to regulate

A

Daily and seasonal availability of food or queen position for swarming

90
Q

European honey bee nasonov’s gland

A

Produce footprint pheromones that act as beacons to send bees to important sites

91
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Can also make footprint pheromones

92
Q

Queen mandibular pheromone

A

Inhibits egg production by workers and signals that there is a healthy queen

Created by mandibular glands and fed to worker bees

93
Q

Queens and drones create pheromones for

A

Attraction

94
Q

Honey combs with empty cells release pheromones that tell workers to

A

Find more food

95
Q

Larval combs signal

A

indicate their presence and stimulate pollen foraging

96
Q

Factors leading to bee population decline

A

Disease
Climate
Habitat loss
Insecticide

97
Q

Colony collapse disorder (CCD)

A

Happens if the workers abandon the hive and it collapses

98
Q

Cause of CCD

A

Low quality of the colony and the combination of other factors

99
Q

Varroa mites will enter what to disturb bee larval production

A

Enter combs where larvae are made

100
Q

Varroa mites develop

A

Alongside the bee and when the bee leaves its comb, they attach to other bees

101
Q

Varroa transmits

A

Many diseases between bees

102
Q

Tracheal mites feed on the bees

A

Hemolymph

103
Q

Tracheal mites reduces bees

A

Activity and lifespan

104
Q

Tracheal mites are treated when beekeepers treat

A

Varroa mites

105
Q

Chalkbrood disease is transmitted from

A

Adults to larvae, the larvae are killed by the disease

106
Q

Chalkbrood disease accumulation is due to

A

Human movement of hives

107
Q

American foul brood pathogen process

A

Spreads through any medium in a bee colony

Bee larvae are affected by this when they eat contaminated food

108
Q

American foul brood cells kill larvae

A

By leading them to starvation

109
Q

Any colonies suspected of American Foul Brood must

A

Be reported and if confirmed must be destroyed

110
Q

Harvesting honey can be harmful if

A

Bees are not given proper carbs after their honey is harvested

111
Q

Bee hive important needs

A

Resources needed for survival

Being provided with a diversity of flowers nearby

Habitat should be maintained so that the local population can contribute to pollinating

Limit insecticide use

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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