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ENT 101 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Passive dispersal

A

Movement by assistance of other things like wind/water/ other insects

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2
Q

Human assisted passive dispersal have led to the addition of

A

Invasive species

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3
Q

Passive dispersal requires

A

Less energy

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4
Q

Passive dispersal works best in

A

Small insects

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5
Q

Passive dispersal downsides

A

Insects can’t choose where they go

Can die during journey (have high repro rates to combat this)

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6
Q

What is used most in passive dispersal

A

Wind

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7
Q

Phoresy

A

Symbiotic relationship where a smaller individual is transported by a larger one

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8
Q

Globalization and trade

A

Have allowed for the addition of invasive species

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9
Q

Active dispersal

A

An organism moves itself

Norm for insects

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10
Q

Unique modes of locomotion

A

Water striders use hydrophobic hairs at the end of legs which create a barrier between them and water, allowing for them to not break water tension, increasing buoyancy

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11
Q

Dragonfly nymph movement

A

Gas chamber propels the nymphs forward in water

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12
Q

Mosquito pupa movement

A

Somersault head over tail underwater to move

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13
Q

Rove beetle

A

Can escape predators in water using Marangoni propulsion

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14
Q

Marangoni Propulsion

A

Shoots chemical from anus that propels the insect forward by reducing surface tension

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15
Q

Caterpillar avoiding predation

A

Wheel down surfaces by curling into a ball

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16
Q

Insect muscles

A

Act in tandem with the exoskeleton

Muscle is connected to inner surface of exoskeleton where cuticle is strengthened by apodeme

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17
Q

Resilin

A

Elastic tissue that works like tendons in vertebrates

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18
Q

Insect muscles are very

A

Efficient

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19
Q

Power of a muscle is dependent on

A

Area

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20
Q

Entire body mass of insect is associated with

A

Volume

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21
Q

Volume decreases

A

More than area

This shows insects are able to be strong despite their body size

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22
Q

Larval insects move through a

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

Muscles are attached to body cells

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23
Q

Turgidity

A

Body shape is determined by muscles

Contraction of these allows for movement

When muscles contract in one part of the body, another part relaxes, muscles contracting and relaxing creates an undulating or sinusoidal movement

Hooks and spikes are also used

Insect larvae use this underwater as well

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24
Q

Parts of the insect thorax that have appendeages

A

Prothorax

Metathorax

Mesothrox

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25
Q

Insect segments

A

Coxa (closest to insect)

Trochanter

Femur

Tibia

Tarsus

Pretarsus (fartherst to body)

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26
Q

Tripod gait

A

Keeping all legs on the ground at all times

Provides stability

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27
Q

Cursorial

A

Running legs

Well developed femur and tibia

Allows insects to cover a lot of ground quickly

Slim leg allows for increased stride amount

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28
Q

Raptorial

A

Spines on femur and tibia

Used to grasp prey

Preying mantis

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29
Q

Fossorial

A

Tibia is flattened with sceleritized ends to allow insect to burrow

Tarsus are greatly reduced

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30
Q

Saltatorial legs

A

Femure and tibia are long to allow the insect to jump

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31
Q

Natatorial legs

A

Flattened legs with rows of cita to allow the insect to move in water

High surface area

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32
Q

Proleg

A

Modified extensions coming out the body

Lepidoptera, hymenoptera, and diptera have this in their larvae

Have hooks to allow for gripping

Not actually legs

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33
Q

Paleoptera

A

Cannot fold their wings into their body (dragonflies)

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34
Q

Neoptera

A

Can fold their wings using folding lines

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35
Q

Wing folding

A

Protects the wing from damage and allows them to fit into spaces

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36
Q

Mayfly subimago (just before adult)

A

Has wings

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37
Q

Forewings are attatches to

A

Mesothorax

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38
Q

Hindwings are attached to

A

metathorax

39
Q

Wing structure

A

Membranous structure

Membrane is made up of two thin layers of cuticle pressed together

Wing veins are hollow and contain trachae, nervs and hemolymph

40
Q

Early winged insects have many

A

Cross veins in the wings

41
Q

Sclerites

A

Join wings to abdoman

42
Q

Grasshoppers have evolved

A

Tegmina

43
Q

Tegmina

A

Scleritized wings to provide protection for the hind wings

used for steering in flight

44
Q

Tegmina can also be used for

A

Sound

Predator evasion

45
Q

Hemelytra

A

Having half the forewing be mebranous and the whole hindwing is membranous

46
Q

Elytra

A

Leathery wings that are completely scleretized

47
Q

Lepidoptera wings

A

Wings in this order are used for mimicry, protection, camo, mate attraction, insulation, and temp regulation

Achieved by scales on the wing sockets placed at an incline

48
Q

Diptera wings

A

Hind wings are modified into halteres which are used for balancing

These structures do not assist in flight

49
Q

Campaniform sensilla

A

Sensory structures at the base of halteres used to assist flight

50
Q

Termite wings

A

Only reproducing ones have wings which are also shed

51
Q

Water strider wings

A

Wings are only present in unfavorable conditions to allow the offspring to fly away to a new habitat

52
Q

Direct flight muscles

A

Up and down strokes are achieved by muscles attached to the sclerites at the base of each wing

When the wing is moving up, the proxiaml muscle is used

When moving down, the distal muscles is used

53
Q

Paleoptera use

A

Direct flight

54
Q

Most insects use

A

Indirect flight muscles

55
Q

Indirect flight muscles

A

Attached to ridges in the thoracic endoskeleton

56
Q

Two groups of indirect flight muscles

A

Dorsoventral muscles (up stroke)

Dorsal longitudinal muscles ( down stroke)

57
Q

Flight muscles are attached to

A

The notum and sternum within the insects thorax.

58
Q

Indirect flight muscle movements

A

When one set of flight muscles contracts, the other relaxes, allowing for the wings to move up and down

59
Q

Energy during flight

A

Energy is stored either in the cuticle or in the flight muscles and with each opposing stroke, energy is released

60
Q

Types of wing movement

A

Vertical flapping motion

Rotation of wing around its base to allow for pitch control by accounting for air movement. Also allows for 3D movement rather than just up and down

Flexing for flight control

61
Q

Wing tip moves in

A

A figure 8 pattern that allows for maximum efficiency

62
Q

Different types of flight muscles and how they differ

A

Synchronous

Asynchronous

Differ in the amount of movements of the wing per nerve impulse sent to the wing

63
Q

Synchronous muscles

A

One nerve impulse is one wing beat

64
Q

Asynchronous

A

One nerve impulse is multiple wing beats

65
Q

Lift in insect flight was created from

A

Leading edge vortexes (front-end) created on a fix point in the wing that spirals towards the tip

66
Q

DPIV (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry)

A

Used to precisely detect the flow field of insect wings instantaneously

67
Q

DPIV allows researchers to

A

Assess small scale physical movements and dispersals of insects

68
Q

Flight mills

A

Insects are connected to a mill and allowed to fly under a tether in a circle

Cannot make possible predictions on dispersal from there

69
Q

Wind tunnel

A

Studies. how insects react to external stimuli

Researchers expose the insect to a test stimulus and blow wind to allow for flight of the insect and see how they respond to the stimulus

70
Q

Criteria that migration involves

A

Persistent movement

Relatively straight movement

No stopping of movement regardless of stimuli

Pre and post migratory behaviours

Physiological changes

71
Q

Not migration

A

Foraging behaviour

Phoresy

Human displacement

72
Q

Migratory syndrome

A

Predisposition to migrate when a negative stimuli is received from the environment

73
Q

Pre-migratory responses

A

Insect populations having predisposition to allow for the organism to alter locomotory ability, resource allocation, reproduction, and survival probability

74
Q

Oogenesis-Flight syndrome

A

Allocation for either migration or reproduction

75
Q

Phases of migration

A

Initiation (prep for migration)

Transmigration (migration)

Termination (Migration ends)

76
Q

Initiation is started by

A

outside stimuli such as day cycles and temperature

77
Q

Diurnal (day time flyers)

Migration

A

Fly close to the ground and use updrafts made from warm air rising from the ground to allow themselves to glide more

Can also use polarized light to infer the location of the sun and the horizon to know where to fly

78
Q

Polarized light detection is done by

A

Ommatidia that is adapted the compound specifically for this

79
Q

Locusts

A

Pest migrators that are migratory grasshoppers that migrate because of overcrowding

They move in swarms and destroy vegetation

Continue to harm agriculture

80
Q

Polypheniesm

A

A gene has two variations that can be activated (IE will the grasshopper stay or migrate depends on the cue)

81
Q

Primary mode of locust management

A

Use insecticide but this is costly and can harm outside organisms

82
Q

Locusts arrive

A

After dry seasons during rapid vegetation development

It is important to keep track of when locusts appear before they do to prevent swarming

83
Q

Monarch butterfly migration

A

Moves from southern Canada to Mexico due to temperatures

84
Q

Migrating monarch butterflies

A

Suppress juvenile hormone in order to prevent reproduction

85
Q

When arriving to overwintering sites

monarch butterflies

A

Adults stay inactive for 4-5 months

Cluster together for warmth

86
Q

Monarch butterflies need what to survive the migration

A

Stored fat reserves

87
Q

Before the the return migration

Monarch butterflies

A

Egg production and overall activity increases

88
Q

On the way back from South America monarch butterflies

A

Lay eggs in milkweeds and die shortly after

89
Q

First generation of caterpillars migration for monarch butterflies

A

Will feed and then turn into butterflies before flying north and stopping to reproduce

90
Q

Whole generation of monarch butterflies take

A

2-5 generations

91
Q

Monarch butterflies are able to visit

A

The same sights as there ancestors when they migrated

Can be because of genetic memory passed down

Or sun location

Or air currents

Or magnetic field orientation

Or chemical markers left by previous generations on plants

Or Geological features

92
Q

Monarch butterflies concerns

A

Migratory success is worse because of destruction of habitat

Warrants conservation

93
Q

Monarch butterflies importance

A

Important pollinators

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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