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ENT 101 > module 10 > Flashcards

module 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological control

A

Uses natural predators of pests for control

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2
Q

Biological control uses

A

trophic interaction

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3
Q

1st trophic levels

A

Autotrophs plants

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4
Q

2nd order trophic level

A

1st order consumer

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5
Q

3rd order trophic level

A

2nd order consumer

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6
Q

3rd trophic order

A

Top predator that feeds on carnivores

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7
Q

Biological control agents exmaples

A

Predators

Parasitoids

Pathogens

herbivores

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8
Q

Parasitoids

A

Larval stage infects and kills arthropod hosts

Feed on internal organs of host

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9
Q

Once larval stage is done, the free living parasitoid

A

Exits the host to mate and seek a new host

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10
Q

Parasitoid organisms belong to the orders

A

Hymenoptera and diptera

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11
Q

Which gender contributed to parasitoids

A

Ovipositing females

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12
Q

Strepsipteran

A

Order of insects that are all parasitoids

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13
Q

Parasitoids that develop within the host are known as

A

Endoparasitoids

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14
Q

Parasitoids that develop on the host

A

Ectoparasitoids

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15
Q

Parasitoids that develop while the host grows are known as

A

Koinobiont

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16
Q

Idiobiont parasitoids

A

Feed on host and paralyze them

Exclusively ectoparasitoids

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17
Q

Superparasitism

A

Individuals are attacked multiple times by individuals of the same species

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18
Q

Superparasitism is mostly

A

Avoided because it promotes competition between parasites

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19
Q

What do parasites use to identify and avoid hosts that are parasitized

A

Antannae or ovipositors that are specialized to do this

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20
Q

Multiparasitism

A

When a host is parasitized by multiple parasites

Leads to interspecific competition and the only one species of parasite often emerges

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21
Q

Multiparasitism is more

A

Likely than superparasitism

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22
Q

Hyperparasitism

A

the larvae or pupae of a parasitoid serves as the host for another parasite

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23
Q

Hyperparasitoid larvae feed on

A

Other parasites associated with the original host

Can get in the way of IPM

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24
Q

Common defence mechanism for parasitism

A

Encapsulation

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25
Q

Encapsulation

A

Host hemocyte surround the parasite larva and cut off its access to oxygen and nutrition

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26
Q

Parasitoid resistance to encapsulation

A

Turns the hemocyte capsule into a protective sheath for the parasite larva

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27
Q

Some parasitoids have mutualistic relationships with

A

Viruses

Help suppress host immune responses

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28
Q

Some parasitoids avoid the host immune system by placing larvae in

A

Certain areas that easily compromised such as the fat body or ganglia of the CNS

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29
Q

Parasitoids have co-evolved with the

A

Hosts they inhabit changes nervous system

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30
Q

Ectoparasitoid wasps with spiders

A

Larvae make spiders spin a cocoon web for them

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31
Q

Bodyguard manipulation

A

Larvae that have pupated are protected by host after they have left the host body

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32
Q

Predators

A

free living organisms that feed o other animals

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33
Q

Most insect predators are

A

Generalists

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34
Q

Common arthropod predators used for biological control

A

Ladybird beetles
predatory mites
Lacewings

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35
Q

Ladybird beetles are used to manage

A

Aphids and mites

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36
Q

Lacewing are used to control

A

Aphids

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37
Q

Predatory mites are used to control

A

Other mites

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38
Q

Predators are used when pest population is

A

low

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39
Q

Vespid wasps

A

Most are predators and are used as control for herbivorous insects

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40
Q

Pathogens

A

Bacterial

Fungi

Microphages

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41
Q

Bacillus thuingiensis (bt)

A

Different strains affect different insects so it provides targeted control

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42
Q

Fungi attack insects through their

A

Intact cuticle

Grow on insect and produce toxins that impact the insect

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43
Q

Beauveria bassina

A

Spores of this fungus can be applied to whiteflies and aphid populations

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44
Q

fungal control has very little effect on

A

Other organisms and have mass use cases

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45
Q

Baculovirus

A

Pathogens that attack arthropods and have a wide range that attack certain insects

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46
Q

Baculovirus affects insects by

A

Being consumed by the insect and leading to them basically dissolving and releasing the virus onto surrounding surfaces where other insects come into contact

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47
Q

Baculovirus specific formulation to target

A

Gypsy moths to protect forests

48
Q

Baculovirus breakdown in the environment

A

quickly

49
Q

Baculovirus cost is

A

High because each type of virus must be made for a specific insect

50
Q

Microbiome

A

A community of microorganisms that protect the organism host from disease

51
Q

Effects of targeting the pest microbiome

A

Decreased growth rate

Diminished reproductive success

Reduction in the ability of the insect to transmit disease

52
Q

Pest management targeting the pests microbiome

A

Introduce a new organism

Genetically modify microorganisms already present

target and eliminate microorganisms that essential to the insect

53
Q

Biological control agents can be used in

A

weed management using herbivorous arthropods

54
Q

What are biological control agents for weeds

A

Plant pathogens or herbivores

55
Q

Weeds

A

Unwanted plants that grow in competition of crops

Can be harmful to plants or humans

56
Q

Yellow toadflax weeds are controlled by

A

Toadflax weevil

57
Q

Three most common biological control approaches

A

Classical

Augmentative

Conservation

58
Q

Classical biological control

A

Introduction of non-native biological control agents to deal with pests

59
Q

Classical biological control is used to

A

control but not eradicate

60
Q

Alfafa weevil is dealt with

A

Classical biological control

12 species of parasitoids were introduced to control the alfalfa weevil

61
Q

Augmentative biological control

A

Active manipulation of populations of biological control agents

often means the release of a natural predator

62
Q

Augmentative biological control methods

A

Inoculative

Inundative

63
Q

inoculative Augmentative biological control

A

Frequent well-timed release of control agents

64
Q

Inundative Augmentative biological control

A

All biological control agents are release at once

goal is to overwhelm the pests immediately

65
Q

Inoculative example

Whiteflies

A

Wasp population is used to deal with whiteflies by laying their eggs in the fly

66
Q

Inundative control example

use of BT

A

Application of BT is used to kill pest population in one go

Bacteria is killed off by sunlight but lasts in soil for a year

67
Q

Beneficial traits in biological control agents

A

Pesticide and disease resistance

Temperature hardiness

Manipulate sex ratios

68
Q

Conservation biological control

A

Specific variables in the environment are changed to promote natural enemies of pest in a ecosystem

69
Q

Parasitoid wasp populations assisting with corn

conservation biological control

A

Forested areas surround corn crops and the wasps live in them and move into the corn later in the season to feed on pests

70
Q

Natural habitats may be have resources or alternative hosts needed for

A

Parasitoids

71
Q

Anagrus parasitoid wasp

Conservation biological control example

A

The wasps parasitize grape leafhoppers but the leafhoppers overwinter as adults so they cannot be parasitized in the winter

Alternative hosts are provided that overwinter as eggs for the wasps to parasitize and this allows them to survive and then deal with leafhoppers in the warmer climate

72
Q

Banker plants

A

Non-crop plants that support that have non-pest herbivores that help support the natural predator of a pest in the system

73
Q

Banker plants allows managers to

A

Use a single species of natural enemy rather than a suite of enemies that compete or predate each other

74
Q

Conservation biological control is more

A

sustainable

75
Q

Biological control advantages

A

Cheaper both environmentally and economically

Less likely to affect other organisms

76
Q

Biological control being cheaper

A

Rearing and introducing a biological control may take a lot of resources, but if the population becomes established, then there will be no further need to follow up

77
Q

The most affordable form of biological control is

A

Conservation

78
Q

Biological control and chemical control can be

A

effective in IPMs

79
Q

Biological control requires

A

Thorough understanding of the species and environment

80
Q

Asian ladybird beetle

A

Introduced as biological control for aphids

Ended up competing with native ladybird beetles

Asian ladybird beetle is now the predominant ladybird beetle

81
Q

The use of biological control agents with a limited host range means that

A

There might be more agents required to look after an area which can be costly

82
Q

Diversity of plants in ecosystems can

A

Complicate use of biological controls

More diversity of plants means more types of pests means more methods of control means more money

83
Q

Time it takes for biological control is a

A

Lagging effect and may be a problem because they may not be able to help high value crops or deal with dangerous pests immediately

84
Q

Biological control agents shelf life is

A

Short unlike chemical agents because they are living organisms

85
Q

Chemical control is better as a

A

Short term fix

86
Q

Cultural control/ecological management

A

Purposeful control of environment factors to reduce the number of pests

87
Q

cultural control involves

A

Changing the environment or removing the environments for pests to survive

88
Q

Tillage

A

Technique used in agriculture that mechanically disturbs soil

Can expose insects to the environment and disturb their homes

Soil dwelling insects become exposed

89
Q

Temperature as a cultural control

A

temporarily changing the temp in order to make the environment inhospitable

used against bed bugs

90
Q

Another cultural control method is the removal of

A

Pest access to resources

Also destroy alternate hosts

91
Q

Crop rotation

A

Alternating what type of crop is planted in consecutive seasons

Mitigates the buildup of pests that specialize in one crop

92
Q

Crop rotation is important to deal with the

A

Wester corn rootworm beetle

Larvae feed on roots of corn plants after winter

By alternating crops, the specialist larvae die

93
Q

Alternating crop planting times example

A

Aphids feed on young plants in the summer that were just planted

By planting these plants earlier, they will be mature in the summer and the aphids will be less likely to feed

94
Q

Trap cropping

A

Planting crops next to the main crops that are attractive to the pest

Divert pest infestation and the pests are controlled in the trap crops

Insecticides and lures are used when insects are trap cropped

95
Q

Intercropping

A

Planting multiple crops in the same area

Makes field less attractive to pests and increases yield

96
Q

When onions are planted next to carrots

A

It diverts flies

example of intercropping

97
Q

Trap trees

A

Lure is placed on trap tree and then the tree is moved

kills pest

98
Q

Insect netting

A

Protects crops and people

99
Q

Host resistance to pests can be changed through

A

Selective breeding

Genetic engineering

100
Q

Non-preference defence

A

Physical or chemical traits that prevent pests from finding or accepting the host plant

101
Q

Antibiosis

A

Plant trait that interfere with an insects metabolism

102
Q

tolerance

A

By increasing presence to pests, the crop becomes more tolerant

103
Q

Compensatory growth example

A

Damaged corn plants by beetles grow longer roots when they grow back and have higher yield

104
Q

No selection pressure is placed on pests as a result of

A

Host tolerance

The pests cannot development resistant to hosts that have tolerance

105
Q

The effectiveness of tolerance depends on

A

Host and environmental conditions

106
Q

Increasing host tolerance can be done by

A

Increasing fertilizer use or just selecting those with higher resistance

107
Q

Selective breeding can take

A

Many generations

108
Q

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Genetic engineering

A

Allows us to target genes using molecular processes

109
Q

Transgenic organism

A

Genetically modified organisms that has increased pest defence and herbicide resistance

110
Q

Ways desired genes can be transferred into a host

A

Injected into fertilized egg to allow it to integrate into cell

Use a bacterial vector to integrate DNA into target

111
Q

Genetically modified animals are not

A

Feasible while plants are

112
Q

BT crops

A

BT is put into plants and plants produce BT toxin

Can be deadly to insects and lead to them developing resistance to BT crops

113
Q

BT resistance can be combated by planting

A

Refugia next to plant that is being protected

114
Q

RNA interference crop (RNAi)

A

RNA molecules that bind to mRNA during protein synthesis and prevents the reading of mRNA to turn it into codons

115
Q

RNA interference crop (RNAi) is known as

A

Post-transcriptional gene silencing because the genes have already been transcribed into mRNA

116
Q

RNAi inhibits the synthesis of

A

Enzymes used to fight plant toxins

117
Q

Sterile individual introduction

A

Pests mate with sterile individuals and it leads to no offspring, negatively affecting the population

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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