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ENT 101 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Body regions of insect

A

Head

Thorax

Abdomen

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2
Q

Plates on the bottom side of the insect

A

Sternum

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3
Q

Plates on the top side

A

Tergum

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4
Q

Top part of thorax

A

Notum

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5
Q

Bottom plates of thorax

A

Pleuron

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6
Q

Antannae

A

Pair of appendeges that come out of an insects head and can be used to identify insect type

Have sensilla that process stimuli

Can detect many things

Allow insects to perceive flight speed

Can hold onto partner during maiting

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7
Q

Compound eyes

A

Made up of ommatidia

All images perceived by ommatidia combine to make one image

Each one can be considered its own eye with a lens and a crystaline cone

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8
Q

Pigment cells

A

Adapt the photosensitivity of the eye

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9
Q

Ocelli (simple eyes)

A

Cuticle is curved onto a lens

Connected to extedned retina that connects to many sensory cells

Appear as small swellings on the head

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10
Q

Labrum

A

Protects the other mouthpart sructures

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11
Q

Mandibles

A

Have powerful muscles and are the largest part

Used to cut tear and crush food

Can be used as tools or weapons

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12
Q

Maxillae

A

Less powerful than mandibles but positions food towards mandibles

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13
Q

Labium

A

Bottom of insect mouth

Used with maxillae to modify food

Can be modified (Dragonfly modified to be strong and piercing)

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14
Q

Palps

A

Can be found on the maxillary and labium

Allow insects to smell and taste

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15
Q

Mouthpart adaptations for liquid food

A

Piercing sucking mouthparts

Siphoning mouthparts

Sponging mouthparts

Chewing-lapping mouthparts

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16
Q

Piercing sucking mouthparts

A

Used by insects to pierce food and access food within

Associated with salivary glands to break down and digest food

Usually insects with this have muscular sucking pumps in their heads

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17
Q

Siphoning mouthparts

A

Allow insects to siphon nutrients through a long proboscis

Only found in butterf

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18
Q

Sponging mouthparts

A

Known as a labellum

Covered in many grooves that allow the uptake of liquid food by capillary action

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19
Q

Chewing-lapping mouthparts

A

Unique to bees

Allow them to feed on nectar

Works like a tongue to bring up nectar

Bees also have mandibles for feeding and other tasks

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20
Q

Parts of the thorax from closest to head to farthest

A

Prothorax

Mesothorax

Metathorax

Each segment has legs but only the last two hang wings

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21
Q

External genitalea is found in

A

The posterior end and used for mating

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22
Q

Adeagus

A

Male sexual organ

Protected in body until mating

Contains penis and claspers

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23
Q

Claspers

A

Allows male to hold onto female

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24
Q

Ovipositors

A

Used to deposit eggs

Can be external

Can have sensory structures to detect cues

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25
Q

Telescoping ovipositors

A

Retract eggs between laying sessions

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26
Q

Parasitic ovipositors

A

Very long and used to insert into insects deep within plant tissues

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27
Q

Cerci

A

Snesory appendeges at the end of the abdomen

Can detect air currents of predators approaching from behind

Can be modified to make pinsirs

Can be used for repro (claspers)

28
Q

Insect digestive tract

A

A single complete tube known as the alimentary canal

29
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Only a single cell layer thick, rests on thin fibrous extracellular matrix of tissue called a basement membrane, surrounded by the gut muscles

30
Q

Insects that feed on solid food

Alimentary canal is

A

Wide short and straight

Strong muscles to prevent abrasions

31
Q

Insects that feed on liquid food

Alimentary canal is

A

Long narrow and convoluded to maximize surface area for liquids

32
Q

Plant feeding insect

A

Have little nutrient containing food like leaves and stems

Little need for alimentary canal to be large so they are generally short

33
Q

Animal feeding insect

A

Need large food storage capacity and a large alimentary to sustain themselves when resources are scarce

34
Q

Insect digestive system regions

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

35
Q

Foregut

A

Where food is digested and broken down

sometimes food is stored there

36
Q

Midgut

A

Where most digestion occurs

37
Q

Hindgut

A

Absorption of water salts and other nutrients happens in the hindgut

38
Q

Foregut and hindgut have a

A

Cuticular lining that must shed during a moult

39
Q

Digestion begins with

(digestion steps)

A

The help of the salivary glands

It is turned into a bolus and passed into the pharynx

It then moves through the esophogous and into the crop where it is stored

It is then moved into the proventriculus where it can be further broken down by its many teeth (mostly common in solid and fibrous diets)

Passed into the midgut where it is mostly broken down into simple molecules by enzymes

Midgut pH is between 6 and 7.5

Midgut absroption is maximized by outpockets on the front end of the midgut called the gastric caeca that make more space

Midgut has the peritrophic membrane and keeps the gut protected and compartmentalized (must be secreted constantly while insect is feeding)

Malpighian tubules are extensions of the hindgut that permeate into the insects body cavity. They remove nitrogenous waste and maintian osmoregulatory balance (distal ends remove substances in the insects blood. Anything that is removed is reabsorbed later before excretion)

Hindgut cocentrates waste and absorbs water. salt and other nutrients. After absorption, everything else exits the rectum via the anus as frass (waste).

40
Q

Symbionts

A

Organisms that help with metabolic processes

Can include protists, bacteria and fungi

Helps digest material that insects cant handle on their own

Can detoxify poisons

Can be moved from insect to insect via either vertical or transovarial transmission

41
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Terrestrial insects release concentrated nitrogenous waste called uric acid

It has low toxicity and can be excreted with very little water

42
Q

Fat body

A

Network of fatty tissue that is in the abdominal cavity

Helps metabolize large macromolecules

Also essential for nutrient storage (insect draws on it during non-feeding parts of its life cycle)

Contributes large amount of insects weight

43
Q

Hemolymph

A

Insect blood

Colourless and contains nutrients

Most of an insects body weights

Does not have hemoglobin so cannot transport oxygen

Has distasteful chemicals to deter predators

44
Q

Hemocoel

A

Where blood is stored in the insects

Not blood vessels

45
Q

Two parts of hemolymph

A

Liquid plasma

Hemocytes

46
Q

Plasma

A

Distributes nutrients and hormones

47
Q

Hemocytes

A

Main part of insects immune systems

In charge of coagulation to repair injuries

48
Q

Dorsal blood vessel

A

Allows hemolymph to move into the vessels and circulate

49
Q

Dorsal diaphragm

A

Supports the dorsal blood vessel

50
Q

Ostia

A

One way valves in the dorsal blood vessel

51
Q

Hemolymph travel pattern

A

Pumped out towards head and then travels back towards the rest of the body through muscular contractions of the ventral diaphragm

Movement of hemolymph into appendages is done by additional pumps at the appendage

52
Q

Gas exchange is done by

A

Trachea

Tubes reinforced by cuticle

53
Q

Cuticular lining of trachea is reinforced by

A

Spiral openings that prevent it from collapsing and still allow mobility

These linings are shed when the insect moults because they are cuticular

54
Q

Tracheoles

A

Smaller branches of trachea that are in contact with tissue

Higher amount in tissues that have a higher demand of oxygen

55
Q

Spiracles

A

Openings in the insect body that allow interaction with the outside world

Found in the thorax and abdomen

Have filters and valves that allow for gas exchange without letting Microparticles in or water loss

Spiracles being closed means the insects are “holding their breath”

56
Q

Air sac

A

Increase volume of air moving into trachea and can be involved in sound production

Can also be compressed to allow for more room during a moult

57
Q

Terrestrial insects have an

A

Open trachea system

58
Q

Aquatic insects have a

A

Closed tracheal system

No spiracles

Gas exchange through the thin cuticle

59
Q

Some aquatic insects have

A

Gills

Leaf like extensions of the body with a network of cuticles under

60
Q

Gas exchange system works from

A

Diffusion of gases from high to low concentration

61
Q

Oxygen is taken (in or out)

A

In by tracheal network

62
Q

CO2 is taken (in or out)

A

Out

63
Q

CO2 can also move through the

A

Tissue through diffusion and into the spiracles

64
Q

Water is (lost or gained)

A

Lost during gas exchange

65
Q

Discontinuous gas exchange happens during

A

Inactivity

Spiracles are kept close and gas exchange is through diffusion

66
Q

Tracheal network in larger insects is proportionally

A

Larger because diffusion on its own is ineffective

67
Q

Long thin body plans

A

Allow for a short distance between spiracles and tissue

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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