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ENT 101 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of all named species are insects

A

About 50 percent

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2
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have an internal skeleton and a spinal column to reach large body sizes

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3
Q

Invertebrates

A

No internal support structure

Support structure is outside the body

Exoskeleton

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4
Q

What animals are vertebrates

A

Fish
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals

All other animals are invertebrates

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5
Q

Arhtropods are

A

Organisms with jointed appendeges

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6
Q

Arhtropods make up what percentage of known organisms

A

60 percent

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7
Q

Arthropod body plan

A

Bilateral symmetry

Segmented body

Ventral nerve cord

Dorsal blood vessel

Exoskeleton

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8
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

If an organisms can be split vertically evenly

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9
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Circular body plan

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10
Q

Dorsal ventral axis

A

Top to bottom

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11
Q

Anterior posterior axis

A

Front to back

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12
Q

Lateral axis

A

One side to another

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13
Q

Ventral nerve cordis exclusive to

A

Arthropods

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14
Q

Arthropod open circulatory system

A

Athropods don’t have a networ of blood vessles but rather a single dorsal blood with openings to criculate blood

Tissues are directly exposed to this

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15
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Made up of cuticle and epidermis

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16
Q

Cuticle is made up of

A

Chitin

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17
Q

Layers of cuticle

A

(Top to bottom)

Epicuticle

Exocuticle

Endocuticle

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18
Q

Epidermis

A

Layer beneath the cuticle that secretes it

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19
Q

Basement membrane

A

Seperates epidermis from body cavity

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20
Q

Epicuticle

A

Prevents water loss and prevents disease

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21
Q

Exoskeleton ridges

A

Internal ridges that act as sites for muscle attachment and provides support for the internal organs

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22
Q

Exoskeleton is both

A

Hard and fleixble

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23
Q

Exocuticle

A

Hardened through tanning and maybe mineralization and calcification

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24
Q

Tanning

A

Cross-linking of proteins- also known as scleritization

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25
Q

Endocutucle

A

Soft and fleixble layer

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26
Q

Exoskeleton constraints

A

Limits size of organism

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27
Q

Arthropod solution to constraint

A

Moulting- shedding exoskeleton for new one

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28
Q

Moulting step 1

A

Apolysis
Seperation of old cuticle from underlying epidermal cells

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29
Q

Apolysis is triggered by

A

Ecdysteroid moulting hormone from prothoracic glands

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30
Q

Moulting step 2

A

Digestive fluid breaks down endocuticle

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31
Q

Moulting step 3

A

New cuticle is secreted by epidermal cells

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32
Q

Moulting step 4

A

Ecdysis

Old cuticle is cast off

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33
Q

New cuticle after moulting is

A

Pale and soft

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34
Q

To increase hardness of cuticle atrhtopods

A

Contract its muscles to increase internal fluid pressure in its body

This inflates the gut to occupy more space

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35
Q

Cost of moulting

A

Very vulnerable to predation and desicration

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36
Q

First athropods came in the

A

Cambrien period

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37
Q

Most dominent atrhropod during cambrien

A

Trilobytes

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38
Q

Trilobyte features

A

Spiny exoskeleton for defense

Distinct body segmentation

Jointed legs

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39
Q

Trilobyte lived in

A

Water environments

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40
Q

Earliest land animals were

A

The arthropods in the celerian period

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41
Q

Arthropod traits that made them fit for land

A

Exoskeleton and jointed legs to provide protection from drying out and gravity and means of locomotion

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42
Q

More recent arthropod that evolved

A

Honeybees (34 million years ago)

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43
Q

Insect fossils at the U of A

A

Can be 56 million to 39 million years old

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44
Q

Trilobytes first evolved

A

520 million years ago

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45
Q

Trilobytes went extinct

A

250 million years ago

Lived 4 major extinction events

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46
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history

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47
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classifying and naming organisms in a system

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48
Q

Taxonomic ranks

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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49
Q

All animals belong to the kingdom

A

Anamillia

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50
Q

Arthropods belong to the phylum

A

Arhtropoda

51
Q

Major groupings of arhtropods

A

Chelicerata

Myriapoda

Crustacea

Hexapoda

52
Q

Chelicerata

A

Horseshoe crabs

Spiders

Scorpions

Can be predators, herbivores, or parasites

53
Q

Myriapoda

A

Millipedes

Centipides

54
Q

Crustacea

A

Crabs and lobsters as well as isopods

54
Q

Hexapoda

A

Insects and non-insect groups

55
Q

Recent studies for crustacea and hexapoda state

A

They should be together in a gorup called pancrusteacea

56
Q

How to tell apart an insect from something else

A

Number of body regions

Number of pairs of legs in adults

Number of antanae

Presence of wings

57
Q

Tagmata

A

Body regions

58
Q

Chelicerata and myriapoda have how many body regions

59
Q

Hexapoda have how many body regions

60
Q

Chelicerata have how many pairs of legs

61
Q

How many pairs of leg do myriapoda have

62
Q

Hexapoda have how many pairs of legs

63
Q

Chelicerata do not have

64
Q

Myriapoda and hexapoda have how many pairs of antanae

65
Q

Chelicerata and myriapoda have how many wings

66
Q

Do hexpoda have wings

A

Only insects

67
Q

None-insects have

A

entognathous moutparts

Mouthparts are in a cavity within the head

68
Q

Insects have

A

Ectognathous mouthparts

External to the head

69
Q

Carboniferous period insects

A

Dragonflies had wings up to 75cm long

Some insects were 2.6 metres long

70
Q

What restricts insect size now

A

Less oxygen content in the atmosphere

71
Q

Insect gas exchange is done by

A

simple diffusion

72
Q

Insect gas exchange system

A

Done by trachea (tracheal system) which are tiny tubes that process air into smaller branches (tracheoles)

73
Q

Being small advantages

A

Less resources needed

Can make use microhabitats

74
Q

Insect temperature regulation

A

Ectotherems

Rely on external sources of heat

Insects have a large surface area to volule ratio to better absorb heat

75
Q

Passive dispersal

A

When animals use modes of locomotion other than their own muscles (eg. wind dispersal)

76
Q

Small body size disadvantages

A

Increased predation

Greater vulnerability to damage

Puts them at risk to water loss from evaporation

77
Q

Sensilla

A

Perceive and relay info from exoskeleton to nervous system

Allows insects to navigatwe their environment

78
Q

Ametabolous development

A

Juveniles look and act like smaller versions of adults

Only distinction is the lack of sexual features in juveniles

They have never evolved to have wings

Only small amount of insects go through this

79
Q

Apterygote

A

wingless insects

80
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

Hemimetabolic development

A

Juveniles require different environments from the adults (ie dragonfly juveniles living in aquatic environments

Only differ by lack of wings and reproductive organs

81
Q

Holometabolous development

Complete metamorphosis

A

Juveniles and adults live in the same environment

Young and adult insects differ grreatly

82
Q

Exoterygotes

A

Wings grow externally to the body

only found in insects with incomplete metamorphosis

83
Q

Pupa

A

dormant form between the juvenile and adult form

pupa can be covered in cocoon or covered by part of the exoskeleton or puparium

84
Q

Eclosion

A

Hatching of adult or hatching of egg

85
Q

Larvae

A

Juvenile insects with great differences from adults

86
Q

Imaginal discs

A

Cause wing development in the body

87
Q

Endopterygotes

A

Wing development happens in the body

88
Q

Holometabola

A

Phylogenetic group that has endopterygotes

89
Q

Juvenile hormone

A

Inhibit adult characteristics

90
Q

Hemimetabolous stages

JH levels

A

Nymph will only moult into an adult when JH is absent

91
Q

Holometabolous stages

JH levels

A

A reduced level of JH puts the insect into the pupil stage

JH is absent during the pupil stage leading to moulting to an adult

92
Q

JH in adult life

A

Can play a role in repro for females

93
Q

Diapause

A

Developmental arrest due to unfavorable conditions

Repro is halted

Metabolic stages are limited

Can happen in any season

94
Q

Wings is a tell that an insect is an

95
Q

Wings require insects to have an

A

Advanced sensory system to adapt to moving fast

96
Q

Insects colonies

A

Queen only reproduces and males forage and provide structure

97
Q

How many species of insects have been found

98
Q

All insects belong to the class

A

Insecta which is part of hexapoda

99
Q

How many insect orders are in insecta

100
Q

Holometabola

A

Undergo complete metamorphosis

101
Q

Order Odonata

A

Dragonflies and damselflies

6000 species

One of the oldest orders to exits

Incomplete metamorphosis

Adults have membrane wings and large heads and thin bodies

Found near bodies of water as juveniles are aquatic or semiaquatic

Incomplete metamorphosis

102
Q

Blattodea

A

4500 species of cockroaches and 3000 species of termites

Incomplete metamorphosis

103
Q

Cockroach guts

A

Have symbiotic relationship with microbes that allow them to consume things other bugs cannot

104
Q

Termites

A

Dependant on close relationships with microbs in their gut

Eusocial and live in large colonies with a king and queen

Important for nutrient cycling

Can be pests

Incomplete metamorphosis

105
Q

Cockroaches

A

Long thin legs for running

Dorsoventrally flattened to go under small spaces

Adults have leathery, protected forewings

Incomplete metamorphosis

106
Q

Orthoptera

A

27k species of grasshoppers, crickets and katydids

Can be herbivores, omnivores or carnivoresJuvedults

Adults have leathery, protective forewings

Have well developed thorax that houses flight muscels

Hind-legs modified for jumping

Have elaborate courtship behaviors (Males make songs by rubbing wings)

Can be pests

Incomplete metamorphosis

107
Q

Hemiptera

A

80k species

Having piercing-sucking mouthparts

Important agricultural or medical pests

Can transmit pathogens to crops or people

Incomplete metamorphosis

108
Q

Colepotera (Beetles)

A

Over 390k species

Elytra (scleritized forewings that protect the hingwings to allow flight)

Complete metamorphosis

Can resemble what they eat and are important for nutrient cycling

Predation is common

109
Q

Can beetles be pests?

A

Yes but they can also help an ecosystem

110
Q

Hymenoptera

A

Over 150k species

Ants, wasps, bees

Haplodiploidy

111
Q

Haplodiploidy

A

The gender is determined by the amount of chromosomes they receive (males have one females have two)

112
Q

Diptera

A

160k species

True flies

One single pair of membranous wings

Hind wings are turned into halteres

113
Q

Halteres

A

Help guide rapid flight

114
Q

Adult flies live off of

A

Liquids

Allows them to either be something like a polinator or be a vector of human disease

115
Q

Lepidoptera

A

180k moth and butterfly species

Wings are covered by scales which are modified hairs

Also have a proboscis that allow them to consume food (coiled up below head when not used)

Larvae can be pests (caterpillars)

116
Q

Malaise traps

A

Traps flying insects

117
Q

Pitfall traps

A

For groundwelling insects

118
Q

Baited traps

A

Traps specific species

119
Q

What best collects insects

A

Nets (works in both aquatic and land insects)

120
Q

Collecting aquatic organisms

A

Dump it into a white bowl and then pippete the individuals

121
Q

Aquatic invertebrate bodies are

A

Very fagile so need to be kept in 95 percent ehtanol

122
Q

How are captured insects preserved

A

They are pinned to a spreading board and then preserved

Soft bodied insects are kept in ehtanol

Small insects are attached to a triangular piece of paper

123
Q

Labelling of insects

A

Location is neeeded

Collection date

Collector name

Taxonomic info on a different piece of paper

placed on a pinning block or with alcohol proof paper to not disturb the insect

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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