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biology > MODULE 8 IQ1: Homeostasis > Flashcards

MODULE 8 IQ1: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

homeostasis definition

A

process by which an organism can maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes

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2
Q

stimulus response model

A

stimulus –> receptor –> control centre –> effector –> original state

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3
Q

set point definition

A

dictates what your range is until homeostasis mechanisms kick in

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4
Q

detecting temperature change

A
  • thermoreceptors
    peripheral: located over the body surface
    central: located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus
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5
Q

control centre for thermoregulation

A

hypothalamus
- set-point range: 36.3-37.7

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6
Q

above the setpoint in thermoregulation

A
  • vasodilation –> blood moving near skin increases, increases heat loss from skin
  • evaporative cooling –> sweat from the eccrine glands. endothermic process which allows energy coming from the body to dissipate through the change in state of sweat from liquid to gas
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7
Q

below the setpoint in thermoregulation

A
  • vasoconstriction –> blood moving close to skin is reduced, decreases heat loss from the skin to the environment
  • shivering thermogenesis: production of metabolic heat through involuntary movements of muscles stimulated by the autonomic nervous system
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8
Q

hyperglycaemia vs hypoglycaemia

A

hyper: BGL too high
hypo: BGL too low

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9
Q

role of insulin and glucagon in glucose regulation

A

insulin: glucose –> glycogen
glucagon: glycogen –> glucose

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10
Q

detecting change in glucose levels

A

cells in pancreas

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11
Q

control centre for glucose regulation

A
  • pancreas (islets of langerhans)
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12
Q

above the setpoint in glucose regulation

A

beta cells of the islets of langerhans releases insulin –> takes glucose out of blood –> converts to glycogen –> stored in liver or muscle cells

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13
Q

below the setpoint in glucose regulation

A

alpha cells of the islets of langerhans releases glucagon –> breaks dow n glycogen from liver –> stimulates uptake of glucose from cells

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14
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

something an animal does in response to some type of external stimulus to survive

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15
Q

structural adaptation

A

physical features of an organism that helps them survive in their environment

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16
Q

physiological adaptation

A

internal functions of an organism that helps them survive in their environment

17
Q

major glands of the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal gland, ovaries/testes

18
Q

3 main classes of hormones

A
  • steroid hormones that are hydrophobic
  • non-steroid hormones which are hydrophilic
    e.g. amino acid hormones and peptide hormones
  • tyrosine derived hormones which can act as both steroid and peptide hormones
19
Q

hormones can exert their effect by

A
  • directly passing through a cell membrane into the cell
  • indirectly with a receptor on the surface of the cell
20
Q

example 1: hypothalamic pituitary axis

A
  • hypothalamus receives stimuli rom the body
  • pituitary gland and hypothalamus are connected via a stalk that is the hypothalamic pituitary axis
  • hypothalamus gives the order and the pituitary gland enforces it
    e.g. oxytocin, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
21
Q

example 2: adrenal gland

A
  • located above each kidney
  • 3 layers:
    1. zona glomerulosa: aldoesterone –> low blood pressure or increasing blood potassium to prevent water/sodium loss
    2. zona fasciculata: cortisol
    3. zona erticularis: sex hormone precursors & adrenaline
  • increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system
22
Q

what does the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) control

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: somatic & autonomic

autonomic –> parasympathetic or sympathetic

23
Q

afferent pathway

A

receptor –> afferent nerve pathways –> CNS
- visual, auditory, chemoreceptors & somatosensory

24
Q

efferent pathway

A

CNS –> efferent nerve pathways –> effectors
- motor information transmitted to the periphery from the CNS

25
Q

what does a neuron consist of

A

axon, axon terminal, dendrite, cell body, myelin sheath

26
Q

neurotransmitter

A

group of hydrophilic signalling molecules secreted by neurons which are produced in the synaptic terminal of the neuron
- bind to receptors on the dendrites acting as a chemical signal

27
Q

action potential

A

electrical signal sent down to the axons which allows for a rapid transmission of information throughout the CNS
- rapid rising, falling of the membrane potential –> closing and opening of ion channels
- all or nothing rule

28
Q

steps of action potential

A

resting membrane potential, threshold potential, depolarisation, repolarisation, hyperpolarisation

29
Q

autonomic nervous system (involuntary) divisions

A

sympathetic division (flight or fight)
parasympathetic division (rest and digest)
enteric division

30
Q

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system (peripheral nervous system)

A

increases energy use and prepares body for action in emergency situations by increasing heart and metabolic rates

31
Q

parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system (peripheral nervous system)

A

enhanced activities that conserve energy such as digestion and slowing down the heart rate

32
Q

enteric division of ANS (peripheral nervous system)

A

extensive network of nerve cells and reflexes within the wall of the gut that coordinate digestive functions

33
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS) divisions

A

autonomic, somatic

34
Q

somatic nervous system types

A

somatic sensory fibres, somatic motor fibres

35
Q

somatic sensory fibres

A

transmission of sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception)

36
Q

somatic motor fibres

A

innervates skeletal muscle, controls voluntary actions

37
Q

mechanisms in plants to maintain water homeostasis

A

stomata –> controls diffusion of gases in and out of the plant
- increase in water levels –> guard cells swell up becoming turgid –> open –> allowing plant to obtain oxygen and increasing photosynthesis
- decrease in water levels –> guard cells shrink, prevents evaporation and limits oxygen diffusion and limits photosynthesis, stays closed until there is enough water

biology (13 decks)

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