MODULE 6 IQ3: Genetic Technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

artificial insemination definition

A

reproductive technology that involves the deliberate introduction of male sperm into female reproductive tract by a method other than sexual intercourse

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2
Q

artificial insemination advantages

A
  • enables superior males to inseminate many more females
  • semen can be frozen and transported cheaply over great distances
  • generally very expensive
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3
Q

animal husbandry definition

A

collection of semen from the male and the insertion of fresh/stored sperm into the female reproductive tract. semen can be frozen using a technique known as cryopreservation

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4
Q

animal husbandry advantages

A
  • long-term storage and transportation of semen without losing viability
  • impregnation of multiple female animals in different geographic locations
  • viable breeding option for farmers who cannot afford or do not want to maintain a large male animal
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5
Q

human reproductive technologies

A

Intrauterine insemination (IUI), In Vitro fertilisation (IVF)

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6
Q

intrauterine insemination (IUI) defiintion

A

used when male is unable to engage in sexual intercourse, has low sperm count or when donor sperm is used.
- female fertility issues such as endometriosis can also require IUIs

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7
Q

IUI process

A
  • semen is directly inserted into women’s vagina, cervix or uterus close to ovulation phase of menstrual cycle
  • may require medication to stimulate ovulation
  • less invasive form of fertility treatment and requires little to no recovery time
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8
Q

in vitro fertilisation (IVF) definition

A

mixing of sperm and ovum in a nutrient medium outside the woman’s body
- use when woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked

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9
Q

IVF process

A
  • women are stimulated with injected medications to produce multiple egg development
  • minimum number of 4-5 follicles needed
  • when follicles mature, a procedure is performed to remove the eggs from the follicles
  • eggs are fertilised with partner’s sperm outside body
  • 1 of 2 embryos are transferred to woman’s uterus where they hopefully implant and develop into a baby
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10
Q

artificial pollination definition

A

deliberate selection of useful plant varieties by breeders –> deliberate interbreeding of plants carrying desirable characteristics

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11
Q

types of artificial pollination

A

mechanical pollination, hand pollination

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12
Q

mechanical pollination

A
  • mass dusting of pollen onto plants from small aircrafts or large blowers
  • accuracy of pollen reaching plant is limited
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13
Q

hand pollination

A
  • small brush to transfer the pollen from one plant to the stigma of another plant
  • more accurate than mechanical pollination
  • takes more time and labour
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14
Q

whole organism cloning definition

A

a clone that is a genetically identical copy of a gene, cell or organism

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15
Q

applications of whole organism cloning

A

animal husbandry, agriculture
- limited to mammals such as cattle, chickens, sheep and dogs

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16
Q

disadvantages of whole organism cloning

A
  • higher rate of mortality
  • health problems
17
Q

artificial embryo twinning

A

mimics the natural process which leads to identical twins where the embryo splits in 2 very early in the process leading to 2 separate individuals
- genetically identical
- carried out in laboratory petri dish
- early embryo is separated into individual cells and allowed to continue dividing
- transferred into a surrogate mother

18
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) definition

A

removes single set of chromosomes from an egg cell and replaces them with the nucleus of a somatic cell taken from the organism being cloned. once embryo is developed, it is transferred to uterus of a surrogate female organism

19
Q

example of SCNT

A

dolly the sheep
- cells from udder of an adult sheep was collected and transferred to egg cell whose DNA is removed
- egg is implanted into female sheep surrogate and following gestation, live sheep is born
- lamb is genetically identical to sheep whose tissues were sampled

20
Q

gene cloning definition

A

produces exact copies of a gene of interest. the end product is many copies of a specific gene

21
Q

in vivo gene cloning

A
  • uses restriction enzymes, ligases and vectors to incorporate the desired gene into the DNA of a living organism where this gene will replicate
  • since genetic code is universal (nucleotides), the original gene taken from one organism will express the same protein in the host organism
22
Q

in vitro gene cloning

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to produce multiple copies of the specific gene

23
Q

applications of in vitro gene cloning

A

DNA and genome sequencing, characterising genes, gene therapy

24
Q

DNA and genome sequencing in in vitro gene cloning

A

obtains DNA sequence of different species –> compared to understand evolutionary relationships and the changes in DNA sequences –> sequences pierced together and genes mapped to their location within the genome sequencing

25
Q

characterising gene in in vitro gene cloning

A
  • scientists examine how gene expression may be regulated by other nearby genes or the environment and how mutations can disrupt gene expression and lead to disease
  • manipulate the expression of cloned genes to understand their functional roles
26
Q

gene therapy in in vitro gene cloning

A

insertion of genes into an individual’s cell to correct or replace defective gene function that leads to disease

27
Q

recombinant DNA (rDNA) definition

A

DNA that results from moving a section of DNA from its normal location and inserting it into DNA at another site
- can occur naturally or it can occur by using biotechnology

28
Q

example of recombinant DNA

A

BT cotton
- attracts many insect pests
- they are sprayed with insecticides before crop is harvested
- insecticides are expensive
- transgenic crop that contains two genes from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis
- decreases environmental impacts of pesticides and saves farmers money

29
Q

plasmids definition

A

small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria

30
Q

recombinant DNA process: step 1 isolation of genetic material

A

isolate desired DNA from other molecules in cell. addition of ethanol caused DNA to precipitate out as fine threads. spooled out to give purified DNA

31
Q

recombinant DNA process: step 2 selection of vector

A

vector is any DNA molecule which is capable of multiplying inside host to which gene of interest is integrated for cloning
- common vectors include plasmids & phage vectors

32
Q

recombinant DNA process: step 3 restriction enzyme digestion

A

restriction enzyme cuts DNA at specific locations. involves incubation of purified DNA with selected restriction enzyme, at conditions optimal for that specific enzyme. restriction enzyme cuts a particular DNA sequence. cut ends have many free sites for hydrogen bonding with other complementary DNA

33
Q

recombinant DNA process: step 4 ligation of DNA molecules

A

purified DNA and vectors of interest are cut with the same restriction enzyme. joins DNA and cut vector with DNA ligase –> called ‘ligation’. resulting DNA molecule is a hybrid of 2 DNA molecules: the interest molecule and the vector

34
Q

recombinant DNA process: step 5 insertion of recombinant DNA into host

A

recombinant DNA is introduced to recipient host as a bacterial cell –> called ‘transformation’. since bacterial cells do not accept foreign DNA easily, they are treated to make them ‘competent’ to accept new DNA

35
Q

recombinant DNA process: step 6 isolation of recombinant cells

A

filtering transformed host cells. for isolation of recombinant cells from non-recombinant cells, the marker gene of plasmid vector is employed

36
Q

transgenic animals

A

animals used to study disease progression and potential treatments
- phenotype of an animal gives the first indications of the function of the protein encoded by the gene

37
Q

genetically modified organisms (GMOs) definition

A

alteration of organism’s genome for the transfer of genes from one organism to another
- an organism that has had genes from another species inserted is a transgenic organism

38
Q

GMOs process

A

because DNA code is universal, almost any gene transferred will express protein that is expressed in original organism