MODULE 7 IQ4: Prevention, treatment & control

Question 1

factors that contribute to emergence and spread of new diseases

Answer 1

human migration, human behaviour, farming practices and food production

Question 2

human migration example

Answer 2

2009 swine flu outbreak
- H1NI (hemaglutinin 1 neuraminidases virus)
- migration of people to new regions
- highly-dense, temporary accomodations lack appropriate sanitation, medical care and infrastructure

Question 3

human behaviour

Answer 3

hygiene practice, sanitation, dietary habits, human to human contact, sexual activity, medical procedures, exposure to environmental agents of disease

Question 4

farming practices and good production

Answer 4

dense farming practices have developed which occur at a close proximity to human populations –> allows animals to transfer to humans more easily as they can facilitate the transfer of zoonotic disease

Question 5

hygiene practices

Answer 5

limits the spread of pathogens
- personal hygiene: limits growth and transmission as pathogens need right conditions to proliferate
- governmental regulations: preventing occurrence of infectious disease and controlling disease outbreaks
- safe food practice

Question 6

quarantine definition

Answer 6

period of isolation used to prevent the spread of infectious disease
- isolated for the period of communicability
- border screening
- inspection of goods

Question 7

passive immunity

Answer 7

protection provided by the transfer of antibodies from another organism
- no immunological memory, short term protection

Question 8

natural passive immunity

Answer 8

mother to foetus through the placenta prior to birth or through breastfeeding

Question 9

active immunity

Answer 9

protection provided by an individual’s own adaptive immune response
- immunological memory, long term protection

Question 10

natural active immunity

Answer 10

develops from adaptive immune response to a natural infection

Question 11

artificial passive immunity

Answer 11

individual receiving, usually by injection of antiserum (antibodies produced by another organism)

Question 12

artificial active immunity

Answer 12

administering antigens to induce an adaptive immune response

Question 13

live attenuated vaccine

Answer 13

living microbe that has been weakened in the lab
- single dose –> long-lasting immunity
- strong adaptive immune response
- produces many types of antibodies
- may cause disease in those with weakened immune system

Question 14

inactivated (killed) vaccine

Answer 14

microbes that have been inactivated by heat, radiation or chemical means
- stimulates production of different antibodies
- safely used for people who have weakened immune system
- easier to store
- stimulates weak immune response –> requires booster doses to achieve and maintain long-term immunity

Question 15

public health campaign

Answer 15

helps inform people of the cause of disease, how it is transmitted and reasons for the measure employed to control the spread
- long-term and aid to educate the public on positive health and lifestyle changes

Question 16

pesticides definition

Answer 16

chemical and often used to prevent the spread of infectious plant and animal disease, as well as to eradicate insect vector such as mosquitos

Question 17

pesticides and genetic resistance

Answer 17

due to regular use –> genetic resistance amongst many pest –> continuously develop new pesticides
- human health may be affected
- young children are susceptible to pesticide poisoning

Question 18

genetic engineering

Answer 18

used to modify the genetic structure of an organism using biotechnology. produces:
- vaccines for human and animal use
- vectors with a diminished capacity to spread disease
- transgenic animals for harvesting biomedical products

Question 19

disinfectants definition

Answer 19

used to kill pathogens on surfaces including ethanol, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine

Question 20

antiseptics definition

Answer 20

used to kill pathogens on the body including iodine and chlorhexidine

Question 21

disinfectants and antiseptics background information

Answer 21

• non-specific antimicrobial agents which deactivate or destroy most biological agents
• different modes of action to kill microorganisms

Question 22

antibiotics

Answer 22

• naturally occurring molecules produced by fungi or bacteria wherein they kill bacteria without damaging the cells of the organism being treated

Question 23

drug resistance

Answer 23

• bacteria that are exposed to antibodies can develop a resistance to them
• bacteria may reduce the intake of the drug into the cell, alter the target molecule, pump the drug, enzymatically deactivate the drug

Question 24

antivirals

Answer 24

• preventing virus from entering the cell by binding to receptors that allow the virus to enter
• inhibiting enzymes that catalyse reproduction of the virus genome
• blocking transcription and translation
• preventing viruses from leaving the cell, preventing infection of other cells

Question 25

DNA viruses

Answer 25

• some use DNA polymerase
• antivirals blocks production of the DNA polymerase and therefore blocking replication of virus

Question 26

RNA viruses

Answer 26

• some use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from their RNA
• have an enzyme called integrase which inserts or integrates the retroviral DNA into a host chromosome where it stays permanently

Question 27

epidemic definition

Answer 27

sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

Question 28

pandemic definition

Answer 28

an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents usually affecting a large number of people

Question 29

herd immunity

Answer 29

• obtained when enough people are vaccinated
• crucial for those who have a suppressed immune system and those who cannot be vaccinated
• immunological memory reduces over time, reducing the herd immunity of immunised populations

Question 30

environmental management

Answer 30

water supply, food sources, sanitation, air quality, human behaviour

Question 31

historical strategies to control disease

Answer 31

it was believed that the body had 4 humours –> these needed to be balanced by bleeding with or without leeches causing purging or vomitting

Question 32

traditional chinese strategies

Answer 32

produced many bitter and cold herb formulas as treatments

Question 33

current strategies

Answer 33

• National Framework for Communicable Disease Control
• epidemiology
• surveillance

Question 34

aboriginal

Answer 34

CONOSPERMUM
- intellectual property rights: WA gov awarded Amrad, a biotechnology research and development company, the rights to the smoke bush plant and related species to develop anti-AIDs drugs