MODULE 7 IQ4: Prevention, treatment & control Flashcards
factors that contribute to emergence and spread of new diseases
human migration, human behaviour, farming practices and food production
human migration example
2009 swine flu outbreak
- H1NI (hemaglutinin 1 neuraminidases virus)
- migration of people to new regions
- highly-dense, temporary accomodations lack appropriate sanitation, medical care and infrastructure
human behaviour
hygiene practice, sanitation, dietary habits, human to human contact, sexual activity, medical procedures, exposure to environmental agents of disease
farming practices and good production
dense farming practices have developed which occur at a close proximity to human populations –> allows animals to transfer to humans more easily as they can facilitate the transfer of zoonotic disease
hygiene practices
limits the spread of pathogens
- personal hygiene: limits growth and transmission as pathogens need right conditions to proliferate
- governmental regulations: preventing occurrence of infectious disease and controlling disease outbreaks
- safe food practice
quarantine definition
period of isolation used to prevent the spread of infectious disease
- isolated for the period of communicability
- border screening
- inspection of goods
passive immunity
protection provided by the transfer of antibodies from another organism
- no immunological memory, short term protection
natural passive immunity
mother to foetus through the placenta prior to birth or through breastfeeding
active immunity
protection provided by an individual’s own adaptive immune response
- immunological memory, long term protection
natural active immunity
develops from adaptive immune response to a natural infection
artificial passive immunity
individual receiving, usually by injection of antiserum (antibodies produced by another organism)
artificial active immunity
administering antigens to induce an adaptive immune response
live attenuated vaccine
living microbe that has been weakened in the lab
- single dose –> long-lasting immunity
- strong adaptive immune response
- produces many types of antibodies
- may cause disease in those with weakened immune system
inactivated (killed) vaccine
microbes that have been inactivated by heat, radiation or chemical means
- stimulates production of different antibodies
- safely used for people who have weakened immune system
- easier to store
- stimulates weak immune response –> requires booster doses to achieve and maintain long-term immunity
public health campaign
helps inform people of the cause of disease, how it is transmitted and reasons for the measure employed to control the spread
- long-term and aid to educate the public on positive health and lifestyle changes
pesticides definition
chemical and often used to prevent the spread of infectious plant and animal disease, as well as to eradicate insect vector such as mosquitos
pesticides and genetic resistance
due to regular use –> genetic resistance amongst many pest –> continuously develop new pesticides
- human health may be affected
- young children are susceptible to pesticide poisoning
genetic engineering
used to modify the genetic structure of an organism using biotechnology. produces:
- vaccines for human and animal use
- vectors with a diminished capacity to spread disease
- transgenic animals for harvesting biomedical products
disinfectants definition
used to kill pathogens on surfaces including ethanol, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine
antiseptics definition
used to kill pathogens on the body including iodine and chlorhexidine
disinfectants and antiseptics background information
- non-specific antimicrobial agents which deactivate or destroy most biological agents
- different modes of action to kill microorganisms
antibiotics
- naturally occurring molecules produced by fungi or bacteria wherein they kill bacteria without damaging the cells of the organism being treated
drug resistance
- bacteria that are exposed to antibodies can develop a resistance to them
- bacteria may reduce the intake of the drug into the cell, alter the target molecule, pump the drug, enzymatically deactivate the drug
antivirals
- preventing virus from entering the cell by binding to receptors that allow the virus to enter
- inhibiting enzymes that catalyse reproduction of the virus genome
- blocking transcription and translation
- preventing viruses from leaving the cell, preventing infection of other cells
