MODULE 7 IQ3: Immunity

Question 1

innate immune response (non-specific)

Answer 1

you have it at birth, no matter what pathogen it’ll do the same thing for different pathogens

Question 2

adaptive immune response (specific)

Answer 2

acquired after exposure to inducing agents such as pathogens, toxins, abnormal body cells and other foreign substances

Question 3

first line of defence

Answer 3

categorised into physical and chemical barriers. main function is to prevent the entry of pathogens into the body

Question 4

physical barriers in 1st line of defence

Answer 4

skin, cilia, mucuous membranes

Question 5

skin in the 1st line of defence

Answer 5

provides poor environment for the growth of pathogens as it is dry
- dead cells get sloughed off
- active division of the deeper layers of the epidermis

Question 6

cilia in 1st line of defence

Answer 6

extensions of protoplasm from the walls of cells
- minute hair-like structures that project from the cells lining the mucuous membrane
- expels pathogens back out when it gets trapped
- used for movement and trapping of particles within an organism

Question 7

mucuous membranes in 1st line of defence

Answer 7

sticky, often clear fluid and is produced in different areas of the body
- lubrication
- defence against pathogens

Question 8

chemical barriers in 1st line of defence

Answer 8

sebum, acidic secretion, lysozymes

Question 9

sebum in 1st line of defence

Answer 9

found in dermal layer of the skin and they secrete sebum oil
- naturally-occurring bacteria live off the secreted oil in the hair follicles and on any areas of skin that have sebum
- increases competition to repel pathogens
- produces acids that make skin bad environment for growth of pathogens

Question 10

acidic secretion in 1st line of defence

Answer 10

• stomach has an acid chemical barrier
• HCL released by stomach aids digestion of food acts as a defence mechanisms for pathogens ingested with food

Question 11

lysozymes in 1st line of defence

Answer 11

• tears, saliva
• releases an enzyme (lysozyme) that destroys pathogens that is encounters

Question 12

second line of defence (innate immunity) definition

Answer 12

if a pathogen penetrates the barrier of the first line of defence, it triggers the second line of defence

Question 13

antigen definition

Answer 13

foreign substance that triggers an immune response.
- part of the outer coating of bacterium or virus, and it is recognised by the body as not being part of itself, triggering the immune response

Question 14

antibodies definition

Answer 14

proteins produced by the immune response in response to injection to destroy disease causing organisms
- usually specific to antigen

Question 15

antibiotics definition

Answer 15

drugs used to kill bacteria

Question 16

phagocytosis definiiton

Answer 16

non-specific process where WBC called phagocytes attack foreign substances, engulf and destroy them

Question 17

different types of phagocytes

Answer 17

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 18

phagocytosis process

Answer 18

• actively moves to tissues and destroys and ingests microbes, toxins & abnormal cells

Question 19

macrophages

Answer 19

• largest phagocytic cells that are mobile, long-living and mono-nucleated
• wound healing, inflammation and the immune response when activated by lymphokines

Question 20

inflammatory response definition

Answer 20

allows body to optimise disease dighting in areas where injury has occurred to body tissue
- results in accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and leukocytes when tissue is damaged or infected

Question 21

fever definition

Answer 21

increase in body temperature because pathogens can’t thrive in high heats that occurs as a consequence of inflammatory cytokines altering the body’s set temperature which is regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain

Question 22

fever effect

Answer 22

• slows replication of bacteria and viruses by shifting temperature away from their optimal range
• moderate increases in temperature increases activity and proliferation of leukocytes