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biology > MODULE 8 IQ 5: Technologies & Disorders > Flashcards

MODULE 8 IQ 5: Technologies & Disorders Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

components of the outer ear

A

pinna, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane

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2
Q

outer ear function

A

channel air particle vibrations along the ear canal to cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate which conducts the sound energy into a solid medium

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3
Q

pianna composition

A

elastic cartilage covered with thick skin

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4
Q

pianna function

A

visible outer ear which functions to capture sound waves and guide them into the auditory canal

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5
Q

external auditory meatus composition

A

contains ceruminous glands which secretes ear wax. it also has small hairs which function to trap foreign objects

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6
Q

external auditory meatus function

A

guides sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

tympanic membrane composition

A

thin, connective tissue membrane shaped like a cone that is covered by skin externally and mucuous membranes internally

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8
Q

tympanic membrane function

A

separates the outer and middle ear
- vibrates when hit by sound waves to transmit the sound energy further into the solid medium of the ossicles in the middle ear

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9
Q

middle ear components

A

ossicles, oval window, round window, eustachian tube

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10
Q

middle ear function

A
  • converts KE of moving particles to a mechanical vibration through the ossicles to amplify the sound
  • protection and noise dampening by changing the flexibility of the tympanic membrane
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11
Q

ossicles composition

A

made up of bone and are linked by synovial joints in a chain

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12
Q

ossicles function

A

malleus –> connected to tympanic membrane and the incus
incus –> connected to the malleus and stapes
stapes –> connected to the oval window
- connects middle ear to inner ear to allow amplified vibrations to push on oval window, causing fluid in cochlear to move

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12
Q

oval window composition

A

membrane covered opening connecting the middle ear and innere ear

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12
Q

oval window function

A

transforms vibrations to fluid waves in the cochlear

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12
Q

round window composition

A

membrane covered opening

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12
Q

round window function

A

relieves pressure created by fluid waves in the cochlear

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13
Q

eustachian tube composition

A

canal that links the middle ear to nasopharynx

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14
Q

eustachian tube function

A
  • equalises pressure across the tympanic membrane with the atmospheric air pressure
  • clear out middle ear secretions
  • protects the reflux of fluids from the nasopharynx
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15
Q

inner ear function

A
  • regulating rotational acceleration and position of the head in space which is important for balance
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16
Q

semicircular canals composition

A

composed of 3 tubes with fluid inside of it

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17
Q

semicircular canals function

A

important in keeping balance and knowing where the head is in space

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18
Q

cochlea composition

A

spiral bony chamber that coils around the central axis

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19
Q

cochlea function

A

contains the organ of corti and 2 different types of receptors. important in conducting electrical impulses to conduct sound

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20
Q

cochlea operation

A

wave moves through fluid-filled canals of the cochlea from the oval window –> causes bending of the hair cells against the tectorial membrane –> transforms kinetic energy of the wave into electrical energy of the nerve impulse sent along the auditory nerve to the brain

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21
Q

pitches

A

high pitch: stimulates hair cells closest to oval window
low pitch: stimulate hair cells on the other end of the cochlea (apex)

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22
Q

amplitude

A

causes vigorous pressure inside the cochlea (hair cells are bent more for loud sounds and will send more nerve impulses)

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23
Q

conductive hearing loss definition

A

a problem with conducting sound through the outer and middle ear which results in reduced sound volume as there is a reduced stimulus to the inner ear

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24
Q

conductive hearing loss location

A

outer and middle ear

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25
Q

conductive hearing loss causes

A
  • malformation of outer ear, ear canal or middle ear structure
  • ear infection in the outer ear canal or middle ear. accumulation of fluid in the middle ear may interfere with the movement of the eardrum and ossicles
  • perforated eardrum –> external injury
  • bony growth around the ossicles in the middle ear, preventing it from vibrating when stimulated by sound
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26
Q

conductive hearing loss generic symptoms

A

pain in, on or both ears, sensation of pressure in one or both ears, difficulty for frustration with telephone conversations

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27
Q

sensorineural hearing loss definition

A

damage to the inner ear (cochlea and the nerve pathways to the brain) –> processing and difficulties hearing due to the neural pathways being damaged

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28
Q

sensorineural hearing loss location

A

inner ear (cochlea –> mainly the stereocilia)

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29
Q

sensorineural hearing loss cause

A
  • hair cells enlarge and lose resilience –> reduced ability for stereocilia to respond to their vibrations
  • benign tumours such as acoustic neuroma grow in the canal connecting the brain to the inner ear
  • fatigue of the cochlear hair cells
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30
Q

sensorineural hearing loss generic symptoms

A

inner ear which is responsible for the neural pathways are damaged which results in permanent hearing loss.

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31
Q

what does cochlear implant treat

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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32
Q

how is cochlear implant implanted

A
  • surgery –> insert electrode array inside the cochlear and a receiver through an opening into the mastoid bone behind the ear
  • external microphone positioned behind ear detects sound and device amplifies it and processor converts into electrical impulses
  • transmitter is positioned on the ear –> magnetic attraction to receiver
  • electrodes directly stimulate the neurons on the Organ of Corti
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33
Q

cochlear implant information

A
  • expensive and limited for distance
  • shorter battery life than hearing aids
  • most effective for children under 5
  • requires professional education therapy programs to assist implant patients with decoding the new sensory input
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34
Q

cochlear implant side effects

A
  • nerve injury
  • dizziness or balance problems
  • loss of hearing
  • tinnitus
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35
Q

what does bone conduction implants treat

A

conductive hearing loss

36
Q

how are bone conduction implants implanted

A
  • specialised surgery –> external sound processor that detects sound waves and converts them into vibrations to be passed through the bone to the implant –> moved to inner ear –> sensed naturally by cochlear
37
Q

bone conduction implants information

A

3 different types:
- abutment through skin
- magnet under skin
- soft headband, non-surgical

38
Q

bone conduction implants side effects

A
  • risk of infection and inflammation at implant site after surgery
  • small risk that growth of new bone around implant will fail
  • touching incorrect nerve –> change sensory and motor function in face
39
Q

what does hearing aids treat

A

conductive hearing loss

40
Q

hearing aids structure

A

microphone = detect sound
device = modulate sound
amplifier = increase the sound volume
battery = power these functions

  • amplify sound vibrations that pass into the ossicles so the tympanic membrane and cochlear have adequate level of function
41
Q

hearing aids information

A
  • fitted early as possible to avoid period of sensory deprivation in brain –> auditory regions of the brain may forget how to interpret sound
42
Q

hearing aids side effects

A
  • headaches and tinnitus
  • skin irritation, soreness and discomfort
  • improper sound level and quality of feedback
43
Q

eye: conjunctiva description

A

thin layer of mucuous membrane lining the inner surface of each eyelid, moves over the eyeball as a protective cover

44
Q

eye: conjunctiva function

A

lubricate and nourish the eye, protects the front of the eye

45
Q

eye: cornea description

A

convex, transparent coating of the eye made up of collagen rich epithelial cells
- covers pupil and iris allowing light to pass through the lens (dense, non-vascular, uniform in thickness and projects like a dome beyond the sclera)
- corneal curvature varies in different individuals

46
Q

eye: cornea function

A

to refract light and allow it to be focused on the cells of the retina

47
Q

eye: sclera description

A

touch, opaque membrane of the eye bulb which maintains size and form of the bulb and attaches to muscles that move the bulb

48
Q

eye: sclera function

A

to protect the inner parts of the eye and help keep its spherical shape

49
Q

eye: choroid description

A

thick, highly vascular membrane on which the retina rests

50
Q

eye: choroid function

A

to provide nutrients to the back of the eye, provides blood supply for the retina, black pigment prevents false images by absorbing stray light, forms the iris

51
Q

eye: pupil description

A

circular opening in iris through which light passes to the lens and the retina
- located behind the anterior chamber of the eye and the cornea in front of the lens
- diameter changes with contraction and relaxation of muscular fibres of the iris as eye responds to changes in light, emotional states and other stimulation

52
Q

eye: pupil function

A

changes size to control the amount of light entering through the lens/retina

53
Q

eye: retina description

A

sensory layer at the back of eyeball, holding cone and rod photoreceptor cells and neurons which transmit visual impulses from sensory cells through the optic nerve to the brain

54
Q

eye: retina function

A

converts light stimuli to electrochemical signals in the nerves

55
Q

eye: iris description

A

extension of choroid, coloured muscular ring around pupil

56
Q

eye: iris function

A

muscles contract or dilate to regular size of pupil, colour pigment blocks excess light

57
Q

eye: lens description

A

biconvex flexible disc made of cells with clear crystallin protein

58
Q

eye: lens function

A

blocks UV rays, changes shape to focus light rays onto retina

59
Q

eye: aqueous humour description

A

clear thick liquid held between cornea and lens

60
Q

eye: aqueous humour function

A

lubricates cornea and lens, helping hold eyeball shape, refracts light as well as providing nourishment to cells in front of the eye

61
Q

eye: vitreous humour description

A

clear, jelly-like filling in the back of eyeball between lens and retina

62
Q

eye: vitreous humour function

A

provides support for back of eye so light transmission to retina is clear and free of obstruction. made up of mostly water but contains some salts, glucose and WBC to prevent infection

63
Q

eye: ciliary body description

A

encircles lens with suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle as well as producing aqueous humour

64
Q

eye: ciliary body function

A

holds lens in position and changes it thickness

65
Q

eye: optic nerve description

A

connection between eye and brain for visual messages, right optic nerve goes to left side of the brain and the left optic nerve to right side of brain

66
Q

eye: optic nerve function

A

carries nerve signals about images seen from retina to visual cortex of the opposite side of the brain

67
Q

photoreceptors description

A

responsible for human’s perception of vision and are located in the retina of the human eye –> light sensitive pigments that absorb light energy –> information –> electrochemical signals that brain interprets

68
Q

cones

A

responsible for colour vision and fine detail –> function best under daylight conditions and are most concentrated in region of the retina called the fovea

68
Q

accommodation reflex

A

eye has ability to view objects/ images at different distances.

distant: ciliary muscles relax –> draws sclera back –> lens elongates, curvature decreases –> reduced refraction of light

close: ciliary muscles contract –. draws sclera forward –> lens rounds, curvature increases –> refraction increases

68
Q

rods

A

responsible for night vision and are located in the peripheral retina

69
Q

hyperopia definition

A

axial length of eye is too short for the refractive power of the cornea and lens, causing light to be focused behind retina (far-sightedness)

70
Q

what is used to correct hyperopia

A

convex or converging lens

71
Q

hyperopia causes

A

eyeball being too short or curvature of cornea being too short

72
Q

myopia definition

A

axial length of eye is too long for the refractive power of cornea and lens, causing light to be focused in front of the retina (short-sightedness)

73
Q

what is used to correct myopia

A

concave or diverging lens

74
Q

myopia causes

A

eyeball being too long or curvature of cornea being too high

75
Q

presbyopia definition

A

increased age causes change in lens curvature due to decline in elasticity of lens –> decrease in strength of the ciliary muscle –> reduced accommodation

76
Q

what is prebyopia corrected with

A

magnifying reading glasses

77
Q

prebyopia cause

A

old age

78
Q

cataracts

A

eye’s lens becomes cloudy resulting in reduced visual acuity

79
Q

spectacles for myopia

A

concave lens (diverges light)

  • bends light rays outward
  • extends focal length of light rays so focused image falls on the retina
80
Q

spectacles for hyperopia

A

convex lenses (converges light)

  • bends light rays inwards
  • converge before they reach the eye, shortening focal length
81
Q

LASIK surgery steps

A
  1. anaesthetic applied to cornea and marked with water-soluble marker
  2. suction ring is placed on eye
  3. thin flap of cornea is cut from surface of eye
  4. flap pulled to one side, reveals part of cornea underneath
  5. computer-controlled excimer laser cuts into cornea and reshape it to required dimensions
82
Q

cataract surgery steps

A
  1. eye is numbed with local anaesthetic, incision made in cornea and lens capsule
  2. phacoemulsifier inserted into incision –> breaks lens into fragments using ultrasonic vibrations
  3. fragments of lens are suctioned out
  4. artificial intraocular lens is implanted
83
Q

kidney function

A

filtering blood from harmful substances, regulate blood pH, volume, pressure and osmolality, produce hormones

84
Q

kidney cortex function

A

contains filtering apparatus, blood vessels, renal corpuscles, renal tubules

85
Q

kidney medullar function

A

contains major vessels, made up of renal pyramids and columns, contains collecting ducts which relieves the urine to the minor calyxes

86
Q

kidney renal pyramid function

A

cone-shaped tissues, formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons

87
Q

kidney renal lobes function

A

portion consisting of a renal pyramid and renal cortex above

88
Q

kidney renal columns function

A

spaces between renal pyramids and contained interlobular blood vessels

89
Q

kidney minor calyx function

A

transports urine from collecting ducts –> major calyces

90
Q

kidney major calyx function

A

transports urine –> renal pelvis

91
Q
A

biology (13 decks)

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