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Medical Microbiology > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

All of the following is a function of the skin EXCEPT

maintenance of water and electrolyte balance

allowing microbial invasion

regulating body temperature

sensing stimuli

A

allowing microbial invasion

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2
Q

There are not many resident microbes of the skin. Their numbers are low because of the

presence of antibody molecules

oils on skin that raise the pH.

flaking of the dermis.

presence of high levels of salt.

A

presence of high levels of salt.

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3
Q

The most common cause of impetigo is

Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes is an especially virulent opportunistic pathogen since it produces

endotoxins.

a capsule, pili, and M proteins.

a pseudomembrane.

metachromatic granules.

A

a capsule, pili, and M proteins.

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5
Q

The technical name for the condition commonly called “Flesh Eating Bacterial” disease is

impetigo.

necrotizing fasciitis.

cellulitis.
erysipelas.

gas gangrene.

A

necrotizing fasciitis.

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6
Q

All of the following can produce skin infections EXCEPT

Rubella

SARS

Chickenpox

Mumps

A

SARS

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7
Q

All of the following diseases are caused by a member of the Herpesviridae EXCEPT

Smallpox

Shingles

Cold sores

Chickenpox

A

Smallpox

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8
Q

All of the following are associated with measles EXCEPT

inflammation of the salivary glands.

Koplik spots.

a red skin rash.

A rare brain disease called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

A

inflammation of the salivary glands.

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9
Q

The nervous system ___________.

contains an abundance of indigenous microbiota.

contains transient microbiota.

is axenic.

is surrounded by microbiota.

A

is axenic.

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10
Q

Which of the following problems can be caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

Meningitis characterized by headaches, stiff neck, delirium and coma.

A blood disease accompanied by high numbers of infected monocytes.

All of these answers are possible.

If contracted during pregnancy, the disease may result in miscarriage of the fetus or mental damage in the newborn.

A

All of these answers are possible.

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11
Q

An important factor in the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is

gram-negative diplococci in spinal fluid.

observation of mycoplasmas in washings from the lungs.

observation of acid-fast rods in the sputum.

gram-negative bacilli in a stool sample.

A

gram-negative diplococci in spinal fluid.

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12
Q

The pathogenic agent that causes leprosy

is commonly found in raw milk.

grows only in blood culture medium.

belongs to the same genus as the pathogen that causes tuberculosis.

may be cultivated in the laboratory on nutrient agar

A

belongs to the same genus as the pathogen that causes tuberculosis.

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13
Q

The incubation period for rabies may depend upon

the type of animal that bit the individual.

the amount of virus introduced to the bite wound.

the type of arthropod that bit the individual.

the amount of virus ingested and absorbed by the stomach lining.

A

the amount of virus introduced to the bite wound.

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14
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans can be described as:

The organism is normally found in the human intestine

The organism is an anaerobic fungus

The organism belongs to the phylum Ascomycota

The organism grows in the droppings of pigeons

A

The organism grows in the droppings of pigeons

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15
Q

Human African sleeping sickness is a vector-borne disease transmitted by ___________.

mosquitoes

tsetse flies

ticks

house flies

A

tsetse flies

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16
Q

In the advanced stages of infection, rabies has

no chance of being transmitted among animals.

increased susceptibility to antibiotic treatment.

one of the highest mortality rates of any human disease.

a great susceptibility to antibodies

A

one of the highest mortality rates of any human disease.

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17
Q

Symptoms that include fever, headache, body aches, and a skin rash on the chest, stomach, and back would be indicative of

Colorado tick fever.

Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

sandfly fever.

West Nile fever.

A

West Nile fever.

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18
Q

Which of the following produces the most deadly toxins known?

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium tetani

Listeria monocytogenes

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Clostridium botulinum

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19
Q

In high numbers, ___________________ is associated with infections, especially acne.

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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20
Q

____________ can cause a superficial, scaly skin mycosis typically located in the folds of the skin, such as between the toes.

A

Trichophyton rubrum

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21
Q

_____________ is gram-positive endospore former that causes gas gangrene. (2 word answer)

A

Clostridium perfringens

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22
Q

Leishmania is transmitted by the bite of an infected ____________.

A

sand fly

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23
Q

The ____________ toxin induces paralysis in the body by preventing the release of acetylcholine in the synapse.

A

botulism

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24
Q

_______________ is an inflammation of the brain caused by a virus.

A

Encephalitis

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25
Q

__________ , an unusually heightened reaction to the sight or sound of water, is a common symptom of rabies.

A

Hydrophobia

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26
Q

Botulism and Tetanus are both caused by _________ bacteria.

A

clostridium

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27
Q
  1. The pathogen propionibacterium produces what disease?

2. Propionibacterium is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Acne

2. Bacteria

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28
Q
  1. Warts are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces warts?

A
  1. Papillomavirus

2. Virus

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29
Q
  1. Chickenpox are produced by what pathogen?

2. What pathogen type (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces chickenpox?

A
  1. Varicella-zoster virus

2. Virus

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30
Q
  1. Folliculitis is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Folliculitis?

A
  1. Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus aureus

2. Bacteria

31
Q
  1. Morbillivirus produces which disease?

2. Morbillivirus is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Measles

2. Virus

32
Q
  1. Clostridium botulinum produces which disease?

2. Clostridium botulinum is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Botulism

2. Bacteria

33
Q
  1. Leprosy is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces leprosy?

A
  1. Mycobacterium leprae

2. Bacteria

34
Q
  1. Tetanus is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces tetanus?

A
  1. Clostridium tetani

2. Bacteria

35
Q
  1. Rabies is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces rabies?

A
  1. Rabies virus

2. Virus

36
Q
  1. Cryptococcus neoformans produces which disease?

2. Cryptococcus neoformans is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Cryptococcal meningitis

2. Fungus

37
Q

T/F - Impetigo is a minor infection at the base of the hair follicle that typically occurs on the neck, face, armpits and buttocks.

A

False

38
Q

T/F - Most skin infections are caused by medical or surgical interventions.

A

False

39
Q

T/F - Herpes zoster, or shingles, is an adult disease caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox.

A

True

40
Q

T/F - The Morbillivirus (measles virus) causes the measles is also known as rubella.

A

False

41
Q

T/F - Chickenpox is caused by a poxvirus

A

False

42
Q

T/F - Warts are small, usually benign skin growths that are commonly due to viruses.

A

True

43
Q

T/F - Cold sores only occur once in a person’s lifetime and for which immunization is available with a vaccine.

A

False

44
Q

T/F - One of the reasons for the success of the smallpox eradication campaign was that smallpox could be treated with antibiotics.

A

False

45
Q

T/F - Two different vaccines are available for polio: an inactivated vaccine and an attenuated oral vaccine.

A

True

46
Q

T/F - Mortality rates in outbreaks of rabies tend to be low if the vaccine is not administered.

A

False

47
Q

T/F - The Sabin polio vaccine consists of viruses inactivated with formaldehyde, whereas the Salk vaccine is made with attenuated viruses.

A

False

48
Q

T/F - To microscopically examine the infectious agent that causes leprosy, the gram stain can be used.

A

False

49
Q

T/F - The variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is commonly caused by a prokaryotic microbe.

A

True

50
Q

T/F - Meningitis can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens.

A

True

51
Q

African sleeping sickness is fatal if not treated because the parasite

reproduces so fast there is no time for an immune response to develop.

evades destruction by the immune system by changing surface antigens.

produces a toxin which binds irreversibly to neurons.

is an intracellular parasite in RBC’s, where they are not detected by the immune system.

produces a non-immunogenic toxin the immune system cannot neutralize.

A

evades destruction by the immune system by changing surface antigens.

52
Q

Spreading black necrosis, swelling, pain and froth or bubbles are characteristic of
Pseudomonas infection.

anthrax.
chromoblastomycosis.

gas gangrene.

necrotizing fasciitis.

A

gas gangrene.

53
Q

Adaptive immunity is sometimes also called acquired immunity. Which of the following statements provides a basis for the alternative name?

Activated lymphocytes may persist for years in the body.

Activated lymphocytes produce daughter cells that are identical in specificity and function.

Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are highly specific for a single antigenic determinant.

Lymphocytes reactive to normal body components are removed.

To become activated, lymphocytes require exposure to the antigenic determinant for which they are specific.

A

To become activated, lymphocytes require exposure to the antigenic determinant for which they are specific.

54
Q

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

The mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes.

The mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals and molecules.

The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

The mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals.

Both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently.

A

The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

55
Q

The Gram-negative diplococcus ________ is resistant to phagocytosis and releases Lipid A to cause inflammation.

Streptococcus agalactiae

Clostridium botulinum

Neisseria meningitidis

Listeria monocytogenes

Haemophilus influenza

A

Neisseria meningitidis

56
Q

Which of the following components of antigen processing is MISMATCHED?

endoplasmic reticulum: endogenous antigen

exogenous antigen: MHC II

phagosome: exogenous antigen

endogenous antigen: MHC II

endogengous antigen: MHC I

A

endogenous antigen: MHC II

57
Q

Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis is directly related to its ability to

produce a polysaccharide capsule.

resist most antimicrobial agents.

form endospores.

produce a powerful toxin.

live and reproduce inside its host’s cells.

A

live and reproduce inside its host’s cells.

58
Q

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen lost?

the ability to establish a latent infection

the ability to produce an endotoxin

the ability to adhere to cells of the body

the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it

the ability to move from one location in the body to another

A

the ability to adhere to cells of the body

59
Q

Infection known as ________ frequently begins as an injury that rapidly becomes red, swollen, hot to the touch, and intensely painful.

gas gangrene

anthrax

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

necrotizing fasciitis

staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

A

necrotizing fasciitis

60
Q

T/F Because they are common soil saprobes, dermatophytes are fungi that are not contagious in humans.

A

False

61
Q

T/F When a dendritic cell phagocytoses a microbe and processes it, microbial antigens are displayed on MHC II complexes on the cell surface.

A

True

62
Q

T/F Botulism is transmissible by direct contact with an infected person.

A

False

63
Q

T/F Clostridium perfringens is the most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis.

A

False

64
Q

T/F TCRs only recognize antigens presented on MHCII molecules by antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells.

A

False

65
Q

Persons with asymptomatic infections may be ______________ of disease.

A

reservoirs

66
Q

The process known as _____________ brings a variety of physical, chemical, and cellular factors together to fight invading microorganisms.

A

inflammation

67
Q

An arachnid parasite causes the skin disease known as __________.

A

scabies

68
Q

The ability of the body to respond faster and more effectively to a second exposure to pathogens is called immunologic ___________.

A

memory

69
Q

The degree to which a microbe is able to cause disease is known as its __________.

A

virulence

70
Q
  1. Gangrene are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces gangrene?

A
  1. Clostridium perfringens

2. Bacteria

71
Q
  1. Rubella are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces rubella?

A
  1. Rubella virus

2. Virus

72
Q
  1. Tetanus are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces tetanus?

A
  1. Clostridium tetani

2. Bacteria

73
Q
  1. Necrotizing faciitis are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces necrotizing faciitis?

A
  1. Streptococcus pyogenes

2. Bacteria

74
Q
  1. Warts are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces warts?

A
  1. Papilloma

2. Virus

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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