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Medical Microbiology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Currently, scientists use ____ to classify bacteria and determine taxonomic groupings.

ribosomal RNA analysis.

Gram staining reaction.

habitat selection.

physical and structural characteristics.

A

ribosomal RNA analysis.

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2
Q

The taxonomic category which is most specific is the _____ classification.

family.

genus.

species.

class.

A

species.

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3
Q

The Gram-negative bacteria group that includes the pathogens: E. coli, Shigella sonnei, and Salmonella enterica are

Actinobacteria

alpha proteobacteria

Cyanobacteria

gamma proteobacteria

A

gamma proteobacteria

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4
Q

Because mycoplasmas lack peptidoglycan their Gram stain result would be
Group of answer choices

gram-negative.

gram-positive.

acid-fast.

none of these

A

gram-negative.

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5
Q

Depending on the ability of _________ to lyse red blood cells on agar plates, microbiologists divided them into two groups.
Group of answer choices

streptococci

clostridia

staphylococci

bacilli

A

streptococci

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6
Q

Which of the following are obligate intracellular parasites?

Spirochetes

Chlamydiae

Bacteroidetes

Actinobacteria

A

Chlamydiae

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7
Q

The word “Protozoa” means this in Greek:

first-animal.

early-microorganism.

primitive-nucleus.

true-nucleus.

A

first-animal.

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8
Q

The amoeba protozoans can be characterized by

producing kappa factors.

being non-motile in the adult form.

none of these.

reproducing solely by sexual reproduction.

A

none of these.

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9
Q

Apicomplexans achieve movement through

flagella.

none of these

pseudopods.

cilia.

A

none of these

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10
Q

A fungal cell that can grow in two distinct forms (yeast or filament) is called

Dimorphic

Morphing

Bifucurated

Ambisense

A

Dimorphic

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11
Q

All of the following affect fungal growth EXCEPT?

temperature

pH

light

oxygen requirements

A

light

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12
Q

All of the following are considered to be helminths EXCEPT?

Tapeworms

Flukes

Nematodes

All of these are correct.

A

All of these are correct.

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13
Q

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?

All of these are true

They have a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

They are small, obligate, intracellular parasites.

They lack the chemical machinery for generating energy

A

All of these are true

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14
Q

All viruses have

a genome and a protein capsid.

a capsid and an envelope.

a nucleocapsid and envelope.

DNA as well as RNA.

A

a genome and a protein capsid.

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15
Q

Viruses usually obtain their envelopes by

reaction with interferon protein.

synthesizing envelope lipids under direction of the virus.

an outgrowth of the genome membrane.

budding through a membrane of the host cell.

A

budding through a membrane of the host cell.

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16
Q

The genome of a virus can be:

any of the above

ssRNA

dsDNA

dsRNA

A

any of the above

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17
Q

The different organisms a virus can infect indicates the _______ of the virus.

cytopathic effect

host range

genome

tissue tropism

A

host range

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18
Q

The genome of a virus contains only a few of the many genes needed for replication. How does it get the other necessary enzymes?

It uses the cell’s ATP

All of these are correct

It gets the amino acids to make enzymes from the cell cytoplasm

It uses the cell’s ribosomes to produce protein and enzymes needed

A

All of these are correct

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19
Q

____________ is an endospore former which is an obligate anaerobe.

A

Clostridium

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20
Q

__________ is one of the most common rod-shaped bacteria that produce endospores.

A

Bacillus

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21
Q

_______________ is a bacteria that produces a wide array of antimicrobial compounds including erythromycin.

A

Saccharopolyspora erythraea

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22
Q

______________ contain a waxy cell wall and their identification requires the acid-fast stain.

A

Mycobacterium

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23
Q

The parabasalids and _______ are motile and lack mitochondria.

A

diplomonadida

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24
Q

____________ are the organs of movement for amoeba.

A

Pseudopods

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25
Q

_______________ have two different nuclei – macronuclei and micronuclei.

A

Ciliates

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26
Q

Paramecium move by ___________.

A

Cilia

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27
Q

___________ are antiviral drugs that are erroneously incorporated into viral DNA

A

Base analogs

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28
Q

___________ are areas of disintegrated cells caused by viral multiplication in cells in a agar plate.

A

Plaques

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29
Q

The viral ______________ must enter the host cytoplasm for replication to occur.

A

nucleic acids

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30
Q

Any of a group of spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which are serious pathogens for humans, causing diseases such as syphilis, yaws, Lyme disease, and relapsing fever

A

Spirochetes

31
Q

Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.

A

Staphylococcus

32
Q

Organism that has very specific requirements that allow it to exist in the cervix, urethra, and fallopian tube. (It also can also infect the cornea of the eye.)

A

Chlamydia bacteria

33
Q

Includes gram-positive cocci that are abundant on the human body surface. Also of great significance is the ability of this organism to develop antibiotic resistance.

A

The genus Staphylococcus

34
Q

An informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.

A

Protozoa

35
Q

Part of the fungal cell wall.

A

Chitin

36
Q

A spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha.

A

conidia

37
Q

Do not contain the green pigment chlorophyll and therefore are incapable of photosynthesis. That is, they cannot generate their own food — carbohydrates — by using energy from light. This makes them more like animals in terms of their food habits.

A

Fungi

38
Q

Some viruses can be as large as

A

bacterial cells

39
Q

A virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it.

A

Bacteriophage

40
Q

Enveloped viruses, such as influenza A virus, are typically released from the host cell by

A

Budding

41
Q

Escherichia are Gram…

A

Gram negative

42
Q

Clostridium are Gram…

A

Low G+C Gram positive

43
Q

Shigella are Gram…

A

Gram negative

44
Q

Yersinia are Gram…

A

Gram negative

45
Q

Staphylococcus are Gram…

A

Low G+C Gram Positive

46
Q

Cornebacterium are Gram…

A

High G+C Gram Positive

47
Q

Mycobacterium are Gram…

A

High G+C Gram Positive

48
Q

Treponema are Gram…

A

Gram negative

49
Q

is a flexible membrane composed of protein and lipid

A

the viral envelope

50
Q

is affected by base analogs that are used in viral inhibition.

A

the viral genome

51
Q

is similar to the host membrane except with viral components.

A

the viral envelope

52
Q

may be either DNA or RNA but not both.

A

the viral genome

53
Q

fuses with the cell membrane.

A

the viral envelope

54
Q

is a protective covering for the genome.

A

the viral capsid

55
Q

consists of nucleic acid.

A

the viral genome

56
Q

may contain enzymes to assist penetration.

A

the viral capsid

57
Q 
The shape of a virion is a function of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the virus.
  envelope 
  size of the genome material 
  cell type of the host cell 
  capsid 
  type of genome material
A

capsid

58
Q 
The anaerobic Clostridium species are troublesome pathogens in part because of their capacity for
  rapid reproduction. 
  oxygen production. 
  endospore production. 
  high salt tolerance. 
  biofilm production.
A

endospore production.

59
Q

Which of the following statements regarding meiosis is MOST accurate?
Meiosis has the same number of stages as mitosis.
Haploid cells produce diploid cells.
Homologous (non-sister) chromatids separate during anaphase II.
Crossing over occurs during metaphase I.
A diploid cell produces haploid daughter cells.

A

A diploid cell produces haploid daughter cells.

60
Q 
An antimicrobial agent that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ will have the most lasting germicidal effect.
  damages DNA 
  damages cell walls 
  damages cytoplasmic membranes 
  inhibits enzymatic activity 
  destroys metabolites
A

damages DNA

61
Q 
Filtration is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ method of achieving sterilization.
  germicidal 
  germistatic 
  viricidal 
  degerming 
  antiseptic
A

degerming

62
Q 
Protozoa that have a single large mitochondrion and are found living in animals are
  kinetoplastids. 
  amoebae. 
  parabasalids. 
  ciliates. 
  dinoflagellates.
A

kinetoplastids.

63
Q 
Honey can be stored at room temperature for long periods of time because it
  is a natural surfactant. 
  contains oxidizing agents. 
  contains lysozyme. 
  is highly acidic. 
  is hypertonic.
A

is hypertonic.

64
Q

Which of the following is an accurate description of a virion?
an infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid outside a host cell
a population of infectious particles
the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen
the protein portion of a viral particle
the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen inside a host cell

A

an infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid outside a host cell

65
Q 
Bacterial DNA replication requires the enzyme gyrase, but eukaryotic replication does not. Ciprofloxacin ("Cipro") inhibits gyrase activity. This is an example of
  antimicrobial resistance. 
  use of an analog. 
  synergism. 
  an antimetabolite. 
  selective toxicity
A

selective toxicity

66
Q 
Bacteria described as "Low G + C"
  Gram stain pink and are cocci. 
  have unmethylated GC DNA. 
  have DNA composed of more than 50% AT pairs. 
  include filamentous Actinomycetes. 
  are Gram-negative Cyanobacteria.
A

have DNA composed of more than 50% AT pairs.

67
Q

Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because of what?

A

They actively pump the drugs out of the cell.

68
Q

Virus entry requires what?

A

the presence of specific cell structures.

69
Q

Current classification of the fungi is based on what?

A

morphologic characteristics.

70
Q

Alcohols at 70% can effectively inactivate _____________ viruses.

A

enveloped

71
Q

The first virus isolated, Tobacco mosaic virus, has a _________ capsid morphology, which facilitated its isolation.

A

helical

72
Q

Heavy metal and oxidizing agent disinfectants damage _____________, interfering with microbial metabolism.

A

proteins

73
Q

Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by blocking _________ of the ribosome.

A

movement

74
Q

Microbiologists interested in parasitism study multicellular parasitic __________ as well as single-celled protozoa.

A

worms

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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