Module 6 Flashcards
Currently, scientists use ____ to classify bacteria and determine taxonomic groupings.
ribosomal RNA analysis.
Gram staining reaction.
habitat selection.
physical and structural characteristics.
ribosomal RNA analysis.
The taxonomic category which is most specific is the _____ classification.
family.
genus.
species.
class.
species.
The Gram-negative bacteria group that includes the pathogens: E. coli, Shigella sonnei, and Salmonella enterica are
Actinobacteria
alpha proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
gamma proteobacteria
gamma proteobacteria
Because mycoplasmas lack peptidoglycan their Gram stain result would be
Group of answer choices
gram-negative.
gram-positive.
acid-fast.
none of these
gram-negative.
Depending on the ability of _________ to lyse red blood cells on agar plates, microbiologists divided them into two groups.
Group of answer choices
streptococci
clostridia
staphylococci
bacilli
streptococci
Which of the following are obligate intracellular parasites?
Spirochetes
Chlamydiae
Bacteroidetes
Actinobacteria
Chlamydiae
The word “Protozoa” means this in Greek:
first-animal.
early-microorganism.
primitive-nucleus.
true-nucleus.
first-animal.
The amoeba protozoans can be characterized by
producing kappa factors.
being non-motile in the adult form.
none of these.
reproducing solely by sexual reproduction.
none of these.
Apicomplexans achieve movement through
flagella.
none of these
pseudopods.
cilia.
none of these
A fungal cell that can grow in two distinct forms (yeast or filament) is called
Dimorphic
Morphing
Bifucurated
Ambisense
Dimorphic
All of the following affect fungal growth EXCEPT?
temperature
pH
light
oxygen requirements
light
All of the following are considered to be helminths EXCEPT?
Tapeworms
Flukes
Nematodes
All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?
All of these are true
They have a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
They are small, obligate, intracellular parasites.
They lack the chemical machinery for generating energy
All of these are true
All viruses have
a genome and a protein capsid.
a capsid and an envelope.
a nucleocapsid and envelope.
DNA as well as RNA.
a genome and a protein capsid.
Viruses usually obtain their envelopes by
reaction with interferon protein.
synthesizing envelope lipids under direction of the virus.
an outgrowth of the genome membrane.
budding through a membrane of the host cell.
budding through a membrane of the host cell.
The genome of a virus can be:
any of the above
ssRNA
dsDNA
dsRNA
any of the above
The different organisms a virus can infect indicates the _______ of the virus.
cytopathic effect
host range
genome
tissue tropism
host range
The genome of a virus contains only a few of the many genes needed for replication. How does it get the other necessary enzymes?
It uses the cell’s ATP
All of these are correct
It gets the amino acids to make enzymes from the cell cytoplasm
It uses the cell’s ribosomes to produce protein and enzymes needed
All of these are correct
____________ is an endospore former which is an obligate anaerobe.
Clostridium
__________ is one of the most common rod-shaped bacteria that produce endospores.
Bacillus
_______________ is a bacteria that produces a wide array of antimicrobial compounds including erythromycin.
Saccharopolyspora erythraea
______________ contain a waxy cell wall and their identification requires the acid-fast stain.
Mycobacterium
The parabasalids and _______ are motile and lack mitochondria.
diplomonadida
____________ are the organs of movement for amoeba.
Pseudopods
_______________ have two different nuclei – macronuclei and micronuclei.
Ciliates
Paramecium move by ___________.
Cilia
___________ are antiviral drugs that are erroneously incorporated into viral DNA
Base analogs
___________ are areas of disintegrated cells caused by viral multiplication in cells in a agar plate.
Plaques
The viral ______________ must enter the host cytoplasm for replication to occur.
nucleic acids
Any of a group of spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which are serious pathogens for humans, causing diseases such as syphilis, yaws, Lyme disease, and relapsing fever
Spirochetes
Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.
Staphylococcus
Organism that has very specific requirements that allow it to exist in the cervix, urethra, and fallopian tube. (It also can also infect the cornea of the eye.)
Chlamydia bacteria
Includes gram-positive cocci that are abundant on the human body surface. Also of great significance is the ability of this organism to develop antibiotic resistance.
The genus Staphylococcus
An informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Protozoa
Part of the fungal cell wall.
Chitin
A spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha.
conidia
Do not contain the green pigment chlorophyll and therefore are incapable of photosynthesis. That is, they cannot generate their own food — carbohydrates — by using energy from light. This makes them more like animals in terms of their food habits.
Fungi
Some viruses can be as large as
bacterial cells
A virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it.
Bacteriophage
Enveloped viruses, such as influenza A virus, are typically released from the host cell by
Budding
Escherichia are Gram…
Gram negative
Clostridium are Gram…
Low G+C Gram positive
Shigella are Gram…
Gram negative
Yersinia are Gram…
Gram negative
Staphylococcus are Gram…
Low G+C Gram Positive
Cornebacterium are Gram…
High G+C Gram Positive
Mycobacterium are Gram…
High G+C Gram Positive
Treponema are Gram…
Gram negative
is a flexible membrane composed of protein and lipid
the viral envelope
is affected by base analogs that are used in viral inhibition.
the viral genome
is similar to the host membrane except with viral components.
the viral envelope
may be either DNA or RNA but not both.
the viral genome
fuses with the cell membrane.
the viral envelope
is a protective covering for the genome.
the viral capsid
consists of nucleic acid.
the viral genome
may contain enzymes to assist penetration.
the viral capsid
The shape of a virion is a function of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the virus. envelope size of the genome material cell type of the host cell capsid type of genome material
capsid
The anaerobic Clostridium species are troublesome pathogens in part because of their capacity for rapid reproduction. oxygen production. endospore production. high salt tolerance. biofilm production.
endospore production.
Which of the following statements regarding meiosis is MOST accurate?
Meiosis has the same number of stages as mitosis.
Haploid cells produce diploid cells.
Homologous (non-sister) chromatids separate during anaphase II.
Crossing over occurs during metaphase I.
A diploid cell produces haploid daughter cells.
A diploid cell produces haploid daughter cells.
An antimicrobial agent that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ will have the most lasting germicidal effect. damages DNA damages cell walls damages cytoplasmic membranes inhibits enzymatic activity destroys metabolites
damages DNA
Filtration is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ method of achieving sterilization. germicidal germistatic viricidal degerming antiseptic
degerming
Protozoa that have a single large mitochondrion and are found living in animals are kinetoplastids. amoebae. parabasalids. ciliates. dinoflagellates.
kinetoplastids.
Honey can be stored at room temperature for long periods of time because it is a natural surfactant. contains oxidizing agents. contains lysozyme. is highly acidic. is hypertonic.
is hypertonic.
Which of the following is an accurate description of a virion?
an infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid outside a host cell
a population of infectious particles
the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen
the protein portion of a viral particle
the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen inside a host cell
an infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid outside a host cell
Bacterial DNA replication requires the enzyme gyrase, but eukaryotic replication does not. Ciprofloxacin ("Cipro") inhibits gyrase activity. This is an example of
antimicrobial resistance.
use of an analog.
synergism.
an antimetabolite.
selective toxicityselective toxicity
Bacteria described as "Low G + C" Gram stain pink and are cocci. have unmethylated GC DNA. have DNA composed of more than 50% AT pairs. include filamentous Actinomycetes. are Gram-negative Cyanobacteria.
have DNA composed of more than 50% AT pairs.
Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because of what?
They actively pump the drugs out of the cell.
Virus entry requires what?
the presence of specific cell structures.
Current classification of the fungi is based on what?
morphologic characteristics.
Alcohols at 70% can effectively inactivate _____________ viruses.
enveloped
The first virus isolated, Tobacco mosaic virus, has a _________ capsid morphology, which facilitated its isolation.
helical
Heavy metal and oxidizing agent disinfectants damage _____________, interfering with microbial metabolism.
proteins
Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by blocking _________ of the ribosome.
movement
Microbiologists interested in parasitism study multicellular parasitic __________ as well as single-celled protozoa.
worms
