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Medical Microbiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

A thin, loosely bound glycocalyx is called what?

A

A slime layer

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2
Q

Characteristics of what?

  • include ribosomes
  • lack a nucleus
  • made of single cells
A

Bacteria

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3
Q

Characteristics of what?

  • made of flagellin
  • counterclockwise rotations move it forward
  • has a hook inserted in the basal body
A

Bacterial flagellum

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4
Q

How do prokaryotes exhibit motility?

A

Uncovered flagella

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5
Q

What processes, sorts and packages proteins but does not synthesize them?

A

The Golgi apparatus

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6
Q

While eukaryotes generate energy with double membrane organelles, prokaryotes use what?

A

Cytosol and cell membranes

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7
Q

Gram-negative or positive?

  • has a thick cell wall
  • contains teichoic acids
  • appear purple after staining
A

Gram positive

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8
Q

What are the dormant and environmentally resistant structures of bacteria?

A

Endospores

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9
Q

What is found mainly in the cell walls of fungus?

A

Chitin

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10
Q

What are the cell walls of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

What kind of bacteria have a cell wall with a thick layer of peptidoglycan?

A

Gram-positive

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12
Q

What are the three types of tests used to identify bacteria?

A

Physical characteristics
Biochemical tests
Serological tests

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13
Q

Which are bigger, bacteria or Protozoa?

A

Protozoa

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14
Q

What is shown with a negative stain technique?

A

Clear bacteria on a dark background

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15
Q

What test is used to identify waxy walled bacteria?

A

Acid fast stain

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16
Q

The flagellum is longer than a bacteria but is so thin, it can’t be seen unless?

A

It is stained before using a bright field microscope

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17
Q

What binds cells to a slide in preparation for staining?

A

Heat or chemical fixing

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18
Q

What is the test when fluorescein is attached to antibodies and mixed with a sample?

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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19
Q

What are acellular obligatory parasites?

A

Viruses

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20
Q

Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma lack cell walls. What sort of environment do they require for survival?

A

isotonic

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21
Q

Hydrogen bonds are found where?

A
  • in the structure of complex polysaccharides.
  • in the DNA double helix between nucleotides.
  • between water molecules.
  • between the R groups of amino acids in proteins.
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22
Q

Species and strains of microbes can be distinguished from one another phenotypically using

A

serological tests.

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23
Q

What may be a component of bacterial cell walls?

A

lipoteichoic acids

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24
Q

How many steps does glycolysis have?

A

Ten

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25
Q

Safranin dye is used as the counterstain in ________ stain(s).

A

both the Gram and the endospore

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26
Q

The acid-fast stain is used to stain

A

bacteria with waxy cell walls.

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27
Q

Research suggests taking antacids may make people more susceptible to infection with Vibrio vulnificus by making the stomach environment more tolerable to the bacteria. Based on this information and the name “antacid,” which of the following are antacids likely to be?

A

either base or buffer

28
Q

The ____ reveals internal structures within cells of the genera Bacillus.

A

endospore stain

29
Q

Carbon atoms have ____ valence electrons and typically form polar covalent bonds.

A

four

30
Q

One of the products of dehydration synthesis reactions is ____.

A

water

31
Q

A cell may allow large or charged chemicals to move across the membrane, down the chemical’s electrical and chemical gradients, in a process called?

A

facilitated diffusion

32
Q

A “9+2” arrangement of microtubules is seen in?

A

eukaryotic flagella

33
Q

Carrier proteins are associated with?

A

diffusion

34
Q

The nucleoid, glycocalyx and circular DNA are all associated with?

A

prokaryotic organisms

35
Q

What do Svedbergs express?

A

the sedimentation rate during high-speed centrifugation

36
Q

The cell walls of bacteria are made of?

A

peptidoglycan

37
Q

What are the functions of a glycocalyx?

A
  1. hides a bacterial cell from other cells
  2. helps to stick to the host
  3. protect from dehydration
38
Q

What uses a basal body to anchor to the cell?

A

bacterial flagella

39
Q

What cell structure is important when classifying based on gram staining

A

cell wall

40
Q

Endospores are?

A

dormant resistant cells

41
Q

Inclusions have been found to contain?

A

sulfur globules

42
Q

Dipicolinic acid is an important component of what?

A

endospores

43
Q

“Sweet cup” made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides

A

Glycocalyx

44
Q

Long whip like structure, made of tubulin in eukaryotes and made of flagellin in bacteria

A

Flagella

45
Q

Responsible for the motility of spirochetes

A

Axial filaments

46
Q

Responsible for conjugation and whose extensions are not used for cell motility

A

Pili

47
Q

Made of tubulin in eukaryotes

A

Hami

48
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

Allows for structure and contractions of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

50
Q

Contains microtubules in “9+0” arrangement

A

Centriole

51
Q

Site of DNA in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus

52
Q

Internal membrane is the site for ATP production

A

Mitochondrion

53
Q

Light-harvesting organelle

A

Chloroplast

54
Q

Functions as the transport system within a eukaryotic cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

Packages large molecules for export from a cell

A

Golgi body

56
Q

Contains enzymes to neutralize hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

57
Q

Which of the following is the smallest?

  • decimeter
  • millimeter
  • nanometer
  • micrometer
A

nanometer

58
Q

A nanometer is ____ than a micrometer

A

1,000 times smaller

59
Q

Resolution is best described as the _______

A

Ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects

60
Q

What are three factors are key to making an image appear larger?

A
  1. thickness of the lens
  2. curvature of the lens
  3. speed of the light passing through the lens
61
Q

What are three differences between light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy?

A
  1. magnification
  2. resolution
  3. wavelength
62
Q

What type of microscope makes a 3-D image with a shadowed appearence?

A

differential interference contrast microscope

63
Q

Which microscope has the greatest magnification and best resolution?

A

Confocal microscope

64
Q

Negative stains such as eosin are also called

A

capsule stains

65
Q

In binomial nomenclature, which term is always written in lowercase?

A

specific epithet

66
Q

What type of fixation was developed by Koch for bacteria?

A

heat fixation

67
Q

The differences in intensity between two objects?

A

contrast

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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