Module 2 Flashcards
A thin, loosely bound glycocalyx is called what?
A slime layer
Characteristics of what?
- include ribosomes
- lack a nucleus
- made of single cells
Bacteria
Characteristics of what?
- made of flagellin
- counterclockwise rotations move it forward
- has a hook inserted in the basal body
Bacterial flagellum
How do prokaryotes exhibit motility?
Uncovered flagella
What processes, sorts and packages proteins but does not synthesize them?
The Golgi apparatus
While eukaryotes generate energy with double membrane organelles, prokaryotes use what?
Cytosol and cell membranes
Gram-negative or positive?
- has a thick cell wall
- contains teichoic acids
- appear purple after staining
Gram positive
What are the dormant and environmentally resistant structures of bacteria?
Endospores
What is found mainly in the cell walls of fungus?
Chitin
What are the cell walls of bacteria made of?
Peptidoglycan
What kind of bacteria have a cell wall with a thick layer of peptidoglycan?
Gram-positive
What are the three types of tests used to identify bacteria?
Physical characteristics
Biochemical tests
Serological tests
Which are bigger, bacteria or Protozoa?
Protozoa
What is shown with a negative stain technique?
Clear bacteria on a dark background
What test is used to identify waxy walled bacteria?
Acid fast stain
The flagellum is longer than a bacteria but is so thin, it can’t be seen unless?
It is stained before using a bright field microscope
What binds cells to a slide in preparation for staining?
Heat or chemical fixing
What is the test when fluorescein is attached to antibodies and mixed with a sample?
Fluorescence microscopy
What are acellular obligatory parasites?
Viruses
Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma lack cell walls. What sort of environment do they require for survival?
isotonic
Hydrogen bonds are found where?
- in the structure of complex polysaccharides.
- in the DNA double helix between nucleotides.
- between water molecules.
- between the R groups of amino acids in proteins.
Species and strains of microbes can be distinguished from one another phenotypically using
serological tests.
What may be a component of bacterial cell walls?
lipoteichoic acids
How many steps does glycolysis have?
Ten
Safranin dye is used as the counterstain in ________ stain(s).
both the Gram and the endospore
The acid-fast stain is used to stain
bacteria with waxy cell walls.
Research suggests taking antacids may make people more susceptible to infection with Vibrio vulnificus by making the stomach environment more tolerable to the bacteria. Based on this information and the name “antacid,” which of the following are antacids likely to be?
either base or buffer
The ____ reveals internal structures within cells of the genera Bacillus.
endospore stain
Carbon atoms have ____ valence electrons and typically form polar covalent bonds.
four
One of the products of dehydration synthesis reactions is ____.
water
A cell may allow large or charged chemicals to move across the membrane, down the chemical’s electrical and chemical gradients, in a process called?
facilitated diffusion
A “9+2” arrangement of microtubules is seen in?
eukaryotic flagella
Carrier proteins are associated with?
diffusion
The nucleoid, glycocalyx and circular DNA are all associated with?
prokaryotic organisms
What do Svedbergs express?
the sedimentation rate during high-speed centrifugation
The cell walls of bacteria are made of?
peptidoglycan
What are the functions of a glycocalyx?
- hides a bacterial cell from other cells
- helps to stick to the host
- protect from dehydration
What uses a basal body to anchor to the cell?
bacterial flagella
What cell structure is important when classifying based on gram staining
cell wall
Endospores are?
dormant resistant cells
Inclusions have been found to contain?
sulfur globules
Dipicolinic acid is an important component of what?
endospores
“Sweet cup” made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides
Glycocalyx
Long whip like structure, made of tubulin in eukaryotes and made of flagellin in bacteria
Flagella
Responsible for the motility of spirochetes
Axial filaments
Responsible for conjugation and whose extensions are not used for cell motility
Pili
Made of tubulin in eukaryotes
Hami
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Allows for structure and contractions of the cell
Cytoskeleton
Contains microtubules in “9+0” arrangement
Centriole
Site of DNA in eukaryotes
Nucleus
Internal membrane is the site for ATP production
Mitochondrion
Light-harvesting organelle
Chloroplast
Functions as the transport system within a eukaryotic cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Packages large molecules for export from a cell
Golgi body
Contains enzymes to neutralize hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
Which of the following is the smallest?
- decimeter
- millimeter
- nanometer
- micrometer
nanometer
A nanometer is ____ than a micrometer
1,000 times smaller
Resolution is best described as the _______
Ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects
What are three factors are key to making an image appear larger?
- thickness of the lens
- curvature of the lens
- speed of the light passing through the lens
What are three differences between light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy?
- magnification
- resolution
- wavelength
What type of microscope makes a 3-D image with a shadowed appearence?
differential interference contrast microscope
Which microscope has the greatest magnification and best resolution?
Confocal microscope
Negative stains such as eosin are also called
capsule stains
In binomial nomenclature, which term is always written in lowercase?
specific epithet
What type of fixation was developed by Koch for bacteria?
heat fixation
The differences in intensity between two objects?
contrast
