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Medical Microbiology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what type of metabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones?

A

catabolism

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2
Q

what type of metabolism includes dehydration synthesis reactions?

A

anabolism

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3
Q

what type of metabolism is exergonic?

A

catabolism

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4
Q

what type of metabolism is endergonic?

A

anabolism

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5
Q

what type of metabolism involves the production of cell membrane constituents?

A

anabolism

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6
Q

what type of metabolism includes hydrolytic reactions?

A

catabolism

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7
Q

What kind of reactions involve -

  1. transfer energy
  2. transfer electrons
  3. involve oxidation and reduction
A

Redox reactions

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8
Q

A reduced molecule has gained or lost electrons?

A

gained

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9
Q

What kind of energy is lowered by the actions of organic catalysts?

A

Activation energy

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10
Q

Coenzymes are?

A

Organic cofactors

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11
Q

Ribozymes are nucleic acids that produce what?

A

ribose sugar

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12
Q

What effects the function of enzymes?

A
  1. substrate concentration
  2. temp
  3. competitive inhibitors
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13
Q

most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve what?

A

the removal of hydrogen ions and electrons

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14
Q

Fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows for a net gain of how many ATP molecules?

A

2 ATP molecules

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15
Q

What pathway has the following characteristics?

  1. products can be used to determine the presence of Pseudomonas
  2. chemical reactions catabolize glucose
  3. alternative pathway to glycolysis
A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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16
Q

reactions involving the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis make up what cycle?

A

the Calvin-Benson cycle

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17
Q

The glycolysis pathway is basically what type of metabolism?

A

catabolic

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18
Q

A major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is?

A

the use of oxygen

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19
Q

what occurs when energy from a compound containing phosphate reacts with ADP to form ATP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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20
Q

what involves the formation of ATP via reduction of coenzymes in the electron transport chain?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

what kind of metabolism starts with glycolysis?

A

carbohydrate catabolism

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22
Q

What occurs when all active sites on substrate molecules are filled?

A

Saturation

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23
Q

The final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation is what?

A

The original reaction center chloroplast

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24
Q

Two ATP molecules are used to initiate glycolysis. Enzymes generate molecules of ATP for each molecules of glucose undergoing glycolysis. What is the net gain of ATP produced by glycolysis?

A

2

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25
Q

What is a cyclic series of eight reactions involved in the catabolism of acetyl-CoA that yields eight molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2?

A

Krebs cycle

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26
Q

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is what?

A

oxygen

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27
Q

Anaerobic respiration typically uses organic or inorganic molecules as final electron acceptors?

A

Inorganic

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28
Q

The use of a proton motive force to generate ATP is what?

A

chemiosmosis

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29
Q

What kind of enzyme catabolizes substrates by adding water?

A

hydrolase

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30
Q

What kind of enzyme rearranges atoms?

A

isomerase

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31
Q

What kind of enzyme joins two molecules together?

A

ligase/polymerase

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32
Q

What kind of enzyme moves functional groups

A

transferase

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33
Q

What kind of enzyme adds or removes electrons?

A

oxidoreductase

34
Q

What kind of enzyme splits large molecules?

A

Lyase

35
Q

What kind of bacterium can grow in a Petri dish on a lab table?

A

An aerobic bacterium, anaerobic bacterium cannot withstand oxygen

36
Q

What is technique called the involves a sterile inoculating loop moved across an agar surface in a culture dish thinning a sample and isolating individuals?

A

A streak plate

37
Q

What detoxifies superoxide radicals?

A

superoxide dismutase

38
Q

What is the most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen?

A

the hydroxyl radical

39
Q

Microaerophiles that grow best with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in addition to a low level of oxygen are called?

A

capnophiles

40
Q

Organisms that thrive in icy water are described as?

A

psychrophiles

41
Q

What kind of microorganism cannot cause disease in humans?

A

Barophiles

42
Q

What best describes an organism that cannot exist with oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobe

43
Q

What kind of medium has a known and exact chemical make up?

A

Defined medium

44
Q

What kind of graph is most useful in representing population growth?

A

A semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y-axis

45
Q

What is the best method for counting fecal bacteria from a stream to determine if it is potable?

A

Membrane filtration

46
Q

What is the name of the device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in front of an electronic detector?

A

A Coulter counter

47
Q

What is lyphilization?

A

Freeze-drying

48
Q

What is the ability to respond to changes in population density?

A

Quorum sensing

49
Q

All cells require a source of what for redox reactions?

A

electrons?

50
Q

Which type of toxic oxygen has electrons that have been boosted to a higher energy state?

A

Singlet oxygen

51
Q

All cells recycle which essential element from amino acids and nucleotides?

A

Nitrogen

52
Q

What are small organic molecules that are required in minute amounts for metabolism?

A

Growth factors

53
Q

What is the lowers temp at which a microbe continues to metabolize called?

A

Minimum growth temp

54
Q

Cells that shrink in hypertonic solutions such as saltwater are responding to what kind of pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure

55
Q

What kind of microorganisms exist in salt ponds because of their ability to withstand high osmotic pressure?

A

Obligate halophiles

56
Q

What kind of pigments protect phototrophic organisms from photochemically produced singlet oxygen?

A

Carotenoid pigments

57
Q

Microbes that reduce N2 to NH3 engage in what?

A

Nitrogen fixation

58
Q

Chemolithotrophs acquire electrons from organic or inorganic compounds?

A

Inorganic compounds

59
Q

What type of metabolism is photosynthesis and is mediated by enzymes?

A

anabolism

60
Q

What pathways have these in common?

  • can be anabolic processes.
  • can be exergonic processes.
  • may require energy input.
A

Metabolic pathways

61
Q

Which of the following statements about enzyme reactions is TRUE?

  • Enzymes are reusable.
  • The substance acted upon by an enzyme is the product.
  • All enzymes are specific for only one reaction, in one direction.
  • The result of an enzyme reaction is the substrate.
A

Enzymes are reusable.

62
Q

Heat can destroy bacteria because heat does what?

A

denatures enzymes by altering their tertiary structures.

63
Q

Which energy generating reaction occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells?

A

Glycolysis

64
Q

Which cycle produces all of the following?

  • GTP
  • CO2 molecules.
  • NADH and FADH2.
A

The Krebs cycle

65
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown aerobically in a liquid culture containing glucose. Which three metabolic products you would expect to find?

A

ATP.
CO2.
H2O.

66
Q

To be used as energy sources, proteins must first?

A

be broken into amino acids.

67
Q

Which of the molecules CANNOT be used as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

O2

68
Q

Intermediary organic compounds are used as electron acceptors during what process?

A

Fermentation

69
Q

The faster the generation time, the shorter the, what?

A

Incubation period.

70
Q

Reproduction and death rates are equal during what growth phase?

A

stationary phase

71
Q

During which stage of growth do bacterial cells cause disease symptoms to appear due to tissue destruction?

A

log phase

72
Q

What conditions can have the most impact on bacterial growth?

A

temperature, oxygen and pH

73
Q

Facultative bacteria can do what?

A

grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

74
Q

A soil sample is added to a culture medium that has been designed to promote the growth of the genus Histoplasma while inhibiting the growth of bacteria. This test uses a(n)?

A

selective medium.

75
Q

__________ requires an input of 2 ATPs in order to produce 4 ATPs.

A

glycolysis

76
Q

__________ requires light energy to take place.

A

photosynthesis

77
Q

Photosynthesis is basically the opposite of aerobic __________ .

A

respiration

78
Q

__________ use chemical reactions for energy and organic compounds as a carbon source.

A

chemoheterotrophs

79
Q

A type of media in which the exact composition is known is called a(n) __________ media.

A

defined

80
Q

Aerobic bacteria require __________ to survive.

A

O2

81
Q

Using blood agar plates to test for hemolysis is an example of using a complex and __________ media.

A

differential

82
Q

In the streak-plate method to isolate individual colonies, a(n) __________ is used to spread the inoculum across the surface of the plate. (2 word answer)

A

inoculating loop

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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