Module 3 Flashcards
what type of metabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones?
catabolism
what type of metabolism includes dehydration synthesis reactions?
anabolism
what type of metabolism is exergonic?
catabolism
what type of metabolism is endergonic?
anabolism
what type of metabolism involves the production of cell membrane constituents?
anabolism
what type of metabolism includes hydrolytic reactions?
catabolism
What kind of reactions involve -
- transfer energy
- transfer electrons
- involve oxidation and reduction
Redox reactions
A reduced molecule has gained or lost electrons?
gained
What kind of energy is lowered by the actions of organic catalysts?
Activation energy
Coenzymes are?
Organic cofactors
Ribozymes are nucleic acids that produce what?
ribose sugar
What effects the function of enzymes?
- substrate concentration
- temp
- competitive inhibitors
most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve what?
the removal of hydrogen ions and electrons
Fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows for a net gain of how many ATP molecules?
2 ATP molecules
What pathway has the following characteristics?
- products can be used to determine the presence of Pseudomonas
- chemical reactions catabolize glucose
- alternative pathway to glycolysis
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
reactions involving the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis make up what cycle?
the Calvin-Benson cycle
The glycolysis pathway is basically what type of metabolism?
catabolic
A major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is?
the use of oxygen
what occurs when energy from a compound containing phosphate reacts with ADP to form ATP?
substrate-level phosphorylation
what involves the formation of ATP via reduction of coenzymes in the electron transport chain?
oxidative phosphorylation
what kind of metabolism starts with glycolysis?
carbohydrate catabolism
What occurs when all active sites on substrate molecules are filled?
Saturation
The final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation is what?
The original reaction center chloroplast
Two ATP molecules are used to initiate glycolysis. Enzymes generate molecules of ATP for each molecules of glucose undergoing glycolysis. What is the net gain of ATP produced by glycolysis?
2
What is a cyclic series of eight reactions involved in the catabolism of acetyl-CoA that yields eight molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2?
Krebs cycle
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is what?
oxygen
Anaerobic respiration typically uses organic or inorganic molecules as final electron acceptors?
Inorganic
The use of a proton motive force to generate ATP is what?
chemiosmosis
What kind of enzyme catabolizes substrates by adding water?
hydrolase
What kind of enzyme rearranges atoms?
isomerase
What kind of enzyme joins two molecules together?
ligase/polymerase
What kind of enzyme moves functional groups
transferase
What kind of enzyme adds or removes electrons?
oxidoreductase
What kind of enzyme splits large molecules?
Lyase
What kind of bacterium can grow in a Petri dish on a lab table?
An aerobic bacterium, anaerobic bacterium cannot withstand oxygen
What is technique called the involves a sterile inoculating loop moved across an agar surface in a culture dish thinning a sample and isolating individuals?
A streak plate
What detoxifies superoxide radicals?
superoxide dismutase
What is the most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen?
the hydroxyl radical
Microaerophiles that grow best with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in addition to a low level of oxygen are called?
capnophiles
Organisms that thrive in icy water are described as?
psychrophiles
What kind of microorganism cannot cause disease in humans?
Barophiles
What best describes an organism that cannot exist with oxygen?
Obligate anaerobe
What kind of medium has a known and exact chemical make up?
Defined medium
What kind of graph is most useful in representing population growth?
A semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y-axis
What is the best method for counting fecal bacteria from a stream to determine if it is potable?
Membrane filtration
What is the name of the device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in front of an electronic detector?
A Coulter counter
What is lyphilization?
Freeze-drying
What is the ability to respond to changes in population density?
Quorum sensing
All cells require a source of what for redox reactions?
electrons?
Which type of toxic oxygen has electrons that have been boosted to a higher energy state?
Singlet oxygen
All cells recycle which essential element from amino acids and nucleotides?
Nitrogen
What are small organic molecules that are required in minute amounts for metabolism?
Growth factors
What is the lowers temp at which a microbe continues to metabolize called?
Minimum growth temp
Cells that shrink in hypertonic solutions such as saltwater are responding to what kind of pressure?
Osmotic pressure
What kind of microorganisms exist in salt ponds because of their ability to withstand high osmotic pressure?
Obligate halophiles
What kind of pigments protect phototrophic organisms from photochemically produced singlet oxygen?
Carotenoid pigments
Microbes that reduce N2 to NH3 engage in what?
Nitrogen fixation
Chemolithotrophs acquire electrons from organic or inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds
What type of metabolism is photosynthesis and is mediated by enzymes?
anabolism
What pathways have these in common?
- can be anabolic processes.
- can be exergonic processes.
- may require energy input.
Metabolic pathways
Which of the following statements about enzyme reactions is TRUE?
- Enzymes are reusable.
- The substance acted upon by an enzyme is the product.
- All enzymes are specific for only one reaction, in one direction.
- The result of an enzyme reaction is the substrate.
Enzymes are reusable.
Heat can destroy bacteria because heat does what?
denatures enzymes by altering their tertiary structures.
Which energy generating reaction occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells?
Glycolysis
Which cycle produces all of the following?
- GTP
- CO2 molecules.
- NADH and FADH2.
The Krebs cycle
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown aerobically in a liquid culture containing glucose. Which three metabolic products you would expect to find?
ATP.
CO2.
H2O.
To be used as energy sources, proteins must first?
be broken into amino acids.
Which of the molecules CANNOT be used as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?
O2
Intermediary organic compounds are used as electron acceptors during what process?
Fermentation
The faster the generation time, the shorter the, what?
Incubation period.
Reproduction and death rates are equal during what growth phase?
stationary phase
During which stage of growth do bacterial cells cause disease symptoms to appear due to tissue destruction?
log phase
What conditions can have the most impact on bacterial growth?
temperature, oxygen and pH
Facultative bacteria can do what?
grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
A soil sample is added to a culture medium that has been designed to promote the growth of the genus Histoplasma while inhibiting the growth of bacteria. This test uses a(n)?
selective medium.
__________ requires an input of 2 ATPs in order to produce 4 ATPs.
glycolysis
__________ requires light energy to take place.
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is basically the opposite of aerobic __________ .
respiration
__________ use chemical reactions for energy and organic compounds as a carbon source.
chemoheterotrophs
A type of media in which the exact composition is known is called a(n) __________ media.
defined
Aerobic bacteria require __________ to survive.
O2
Using blood agar plates to test for hemolysis is an example of using a complex and __________ media.
differential
In the streak-plate method to isolate individual colonies, a(n) __________ is used to spread the inoculum across the surface of the plate. (2 word answer)
inoculating loop
