Module 5 Flashcards
What process eliminates harmful organisms and their spores or endospores?
Sterilization
What process kills microorganisms on surfaces?
Degermers
What process disinfects surfaces?
Sanitization
The endospores of what microorganism can be used as an indicator of sterilization?
Bacillus sterothermophilus
What process can be used to test the effectiveness of a antimicrobial agent in solution?
In-use test
What is the preservation method used with beef jerky that prevents microbial growth?
Desiccation
What type of radiation is used most widely as an antimicrobial technique?
electron beams
What is an adjective for a sterilized surgical suite?
aseptic
A sample has been subjected to heat for a specific time and kills 90% of the cells. What describes this event?
Decimal reduction time
What chemical is active against endospores?
ethylene oxide
What disinfectant is acts of cell membranes?
phenol
What kinds of disinfectants contain alcohol?
tinctures
What antimicrobial chemical has been used to sterilize spacecraft?
ethylene oxide
What class of surfactant is most soluble in water?
quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
Diffusion and dilution tests that expose pathogens to antimicrobials are designed to determine what?
which drug and which amount is most effective against a particular pathogen
In a Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test, the presence of a zone of inhibition around disks containing antimicrobial agents indicates what?
that the microbe does not grow in the presence of the agent
The key to successful chemotherapy is what?
selective toxicity
Why are sulfamides effective?
Humans and microbes use PABA differently in their metabolism
What is cross resistance?
Resistance to one antimicrobial agent because of its similarity to another antimicrobial agent
Where do multiple-drug resistant microbes tend to develop?
In hospitals
What antibiotic is closely associated with a beta-lactam ring?
Penicillin
What is a drug tat works against protein synthesis?
Aminoglycosides
How do drugs that contain protease slow microbial replication?
By blocking the production of essential viral proteins
What is PABA used for?
To synthesize folic acid
The time it takes to eliminate a population of microbes at a specific temperature is called the?
thermal death time.
Triclosan destroys bacteria by?
disrupting cell membranes.
Which method is the most rapid and effective for achieving sterilization?
Direct flame method
What are some characteristics of phenol?
- It acts probably by coagulating proteins.
- It is effective even in the presence of organic matter.
- It is the standard disinfectant against which others are evaluated.
Sterilization using hot air is useful for those items that
are dry or do not mix with water.
Autoclaves are effective tools for sterilizations except that?
some plasticware melts in the high heat.
Ultraviolet light damages what structure in bacterial cells?
DNA of the cell.
When food has been salted, what happens?
water diffuses out of microorganisms causing them to shrivel.
Low temperature is what to microorganisms?
bacteriostatic.
What is the original definition of an antibiotic?
a product derived from the metabolism of living microorganisms
Bacteria susceptible to sulfonamide synthesize what?
folic acid.
Isoniazid is useful for?
treating tuberculosis.
When should carbenicillin and methicillin not be prescribed?
a patient has a penicillin allergy.
Ampicillin is most effective against?
log phase gram (+) bacteria.
Aminoglycosides function by
interfering with bacterial ribosomes.
Tetracycline interferes with what?
protein synthesis in microorganisms.
Antiviral drugs interfere with?
specific stages of the viral replication cycle.
A physician wants to treat a patient with a skin infection caused by a fungus. An antibiotic he might prescribe is?
amphoteracin B.
Chloroquine and quinine are commonly used to treat?
cases of malaria.
It is common practice to incinerate the carcasses of cattle dead of anthrax because?.
anthrax spores cannot adequately be destroyed by other means
Boiling water is not considered a sterilizing agent because?
the destruction of bacterial endospores cannot always be assured.
The most important bacterial producers of antibiotic substances belong to?
the genus Streptomyces.
What causes the destruction of all microbes, including spores and viruses, on an object or in an area?
sterilization
What causes change in the chemical or physical property of a protein
Denaturation
What uses a direct flame to kill microbes very rapidly
Incineration
What is the time necessary for killing the population at a given temperature?
Thermal death time
What is the minimal temperature at which is dies in a given time?
Thermal death point
That is the mechanical method used to remove microbes from a solution, organisms are trapped in the filter?
Filtration
What reduces the bacterial population of a liquid such as milk, and destroys organisms that may cause harm to food?
Pasteurization
What creates moist heat in the form of pressurized steam is regarded as the most dependable form of sterilization?
Autoclave
What does penicillin do?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
What does sulfonamide do?
Affects metabolism
What does Acyclovir do?
inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
What does chloramphenicol do?
Inhibits protein synthesis
What does streptomycin do?
Inhibits protein synthesis
What does ciprofloxacin do?
Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
What does fliconazole do?
Inhibits function of cell membrane
What does polymyxin do?
Inhibits function of cell membrane
