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Medical Microbiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What process eliminates harmful organisms and their spores or endospores?

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

What process kills microorganisms on surfaces?

A

Degermers

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3
Q

What process disinfects surfaces?

A

Sanitization

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4
Q

The endospores of what microorganism can be used as an indicator of sterilization?

A

Bacillus sterothermophilus

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5
Q

What process can be used to test the effectiveness of a antimicrobial agent in solution?

A

In-use test

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6
Q

What is the preservation method used with beef jerky that prevents microbial growth?

A

Desiccation

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7
Q

What type of radiation is used most widely as an antimicrobial technique?

A

electron beams

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8
Q

What is an adjective for a sterilized surgical suite?

A

aseptic

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9
Q

A sample has been subjected to heat for a specific time and kills 90% of the cells. What describes this event?

A

Decimal reduction time

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10
Q

What chemical is active against endospores?

A

ethylene oxide

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11
Q

What disinfectant is acts of cell membranes?

A

phenol

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12
Q

What kinds of disinfectants contain alcohol?

A

tinctures

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13
Q

What antimicrobial chemical has been used to sterilize spacecraft?

A

ethylene oxide

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14
Q

What class of surfactant is most soluble in water?

A

quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)

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15
Q

Diffusion and dilution tests that expose pathogens to antimicrobials are designed to determine what?

A

which drug and which amount is most effective against a particular pathogen

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16
Q

In a Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test, the presence of a zone of inhibition around disks containing antimicrobial agents indicates what?

A

that the microbe does not grow in the presence of the agent

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17
Q

The key to successful chemotherapy is what?

A

selective toxicity

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18
Q

Why are sulfamides effective?

A

Humans and microbes use PABA differently in their metabolism

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19
Q

What is cross resistance?

A

Resistance to one antimicrobial agent because of its similarity to another antimicrobial agent

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20
Q

Where do multiple-drug resistant microbes tend to develop?

A

In hospitals

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21
Q

What antibiotic is closely associated with a beta-lactam ring?

A

Penicillin

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22
Q

What is a drug tat works against protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides

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23
Q

How do drugs that contain protease slow microbial replication?

A

By blocking the production of essential viral proteins

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24
Q

What is PABA used for?

A

To synthesize folic acid

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25
Q

The time it takes to eliminate a population of microbes at a specific temperature is called the?

A

thermal death time.

26
Q

Triclosan destroys bacteria by?

A

disrupting cell membranes.

27
Q

Which method is the most rapid and effective for achieving sterilization?

A

Direct flame method

28
Q

What are some characteristics of phenol?

A
  1. It acts probably by coagulating proteins.
  2. It is effective even in the presence of organic matter.
  3. It is the standard disinfectant against which others are evaluated.
29
Q

Sterilization using hot air is useful for those items that

A

are dry or do not mix with water.

30
Q

Autoclaves are effective tools for sterilizations except that?

A

some plasticware melts in the high heat.

31
Q

Ultraviolet light damages what structure in bacterial cells?

A

DNA of the cell.

32
Q

When food has been salted, what happens?

A

water diffuses out of microorganisms causing them to shrivel.

33
Q

Low temperature is what to microorganisms?

A

bacteriostatic.

34
Q

What is the original definition of an antibiotic?

A

a product derived from the metabolism of living microorganisms

35
Q

Bacteria susceptible to sulfonamide synthesize what?

A

folic acid.

36
Q

Isoniazid is useful for?

A

treating tuberculosis.

37
Q

When should carbenicillin and methicillin not be prescribed?

A

a patient has a penicillin allergy.

38
Q

Ampicillin is most effective against?

A

log phase gram (+) bacteria.

39
Q

Aminoglycosides function by

A

interfering with bacterial ribosomes.

40
Q

Tetracycline interferes with what?

A

protein synthesis in microorganisms.

41
Q

Antiviral drugs interfere with?

A

specific stages of the viral replication cycle.

42
Q

A physician wants to treat a patient with a skin infection caused by a fungus. An antibiotic he might prescribe is?

A

amphoteracin B.

43
Q

Chloroquine and quinine are commonly used to treat?

A

cases of malaria.

44
Q

It is common practice to incinerate the carcasses of cattle dead of anthrax because?.

A

anthrax spores cannot adequately be destroyed by other means

45
Q

Boiling water is not considered a sterilizing agent because?

A

the destruction of bacterial endospores cannot always be assured.

46
Q

The most important bacterial producers of antibiotic substances belong to?

A

the genus Streptomyces.

47
Q

What causes the destruction of all microbes, including spores and viruses, on an object or in an area?

A

sterilization

48
Q

What causes change in the chemical or physical property of a protein

A

Denaturation

49
Q

What uses a direct flame to kill microbes very rapidly

A

Incineration

50
Q

What is the time necessary for killing the population at a given temperature?

A

Thermal death time

51
Q

What is the minimal temperature at which is dies in a given time?

A

Thermal death point

52
Q

That is the mechanical method used to remove microbes from a solution, organisms are trapped in the filter?

A

Filtration

53
Q

What reduces the bacterial population of a liquid such as milk, and destroys organisms that may cause harm to food?

A

Pasteurization

54
Q

What creates moist heat in the form of pressurized steam is regarded as the most dependable form of sterilization?

A

Autoclave

55
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

56
Q

What does sulfonamide do?

A

Affects metabolism

57
Q

What does Acyclovir do?

A

inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

58
Q

What does chloramphenicol do?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

59
Q

What does streptomycin do?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

60
Q

What does ciprofloxacin do?

A

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

61
Q

What does fliconazole do?

A

Inhibits function of cell membrane

62
Q

What does polymyxin do?

A

Inhibits function of cell membrane

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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