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Medical Microbiology > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Plaque is basically a ____________.

biofilm.

inflammation.

mucus trap.

carbuncle.

A

biofilm.

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2
Q

Food poisoning caused by Staphyloccocus has a shorter incubation period when compared to Salmonellosis because

the food that contains Salmonella serotypes is usually uncooked.

staphylococcal food poisoning is due to a toxin rather than a growth of bacteria.

Salmonella serotypes must reach the blood before symptoms are experienced.

staphylococci grow more rapidly.

A

staphylococcal food poisoning is due to a toxin rather than a growth of bacteria.

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3
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe typhoid fever

ulcers may form in the tissue of the intestine.

the causative organism is a gram-negative rod.

human carriers harbor the causative organism.

the disease is common in barnyard animals

A

the disease is common in barnyard animals

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4
Q

Which of the following descriptions does NOT apply to Salmonella serotypes

they commonly infect chickens and turkeys.

they are gram-negative rods.

they can be transmitted by food.

they usually cause skin infections.

A

they usually cause skin infections.

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5
Q

All of the following apply to shigellosis EXCEPT

The causative organism can be located in stool specimens

Waves of intense abdominal cramps occur

Individuals recovering generally become carriers

The disease is caused by a gram-positive coccus

A

The disease is caused by a gram-positive coccus

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6
Q

In order cholera to establish an infection, a large amount of Vibrio bacteria must be present in contaminated food because

cholera bacilli are susceptible to the effects of bacteriophages.

antigenic variation to a harmless form will occur rapidly in the body.

most will be destroyed by the stomach acid.

a large amount of toxin must be produced in the intestine.

A

most will be destroyed by the stomach acid.

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7
Q

To protect against cholera when travelling to endemic parts of the world, travelers

can be immunized against cholera.

should receive gamma globulin injections.

should avoid stray dogs.

should wear mosquito protection.

A

can be immunized against cholera.

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8
Q

The most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea is

Escherichia coli.

None of the these.

staphylococci and streptococci.

multiple serotypes of Salmonella.

A

Escherichia coli.

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9
Q

Which characteristic applies to noroviruses?

They have both DNA and RNA.

They have no capsid.

They are one of the largest viruses known.

They cause of viral gastroenteritis.

A

They cause of viral gastroenteritis.

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10
Q

All of the following are characteristics of giardiasis EXCEPT

Transmission occurs by tick bites

it is the most commonly detected protozoal disease of the intestinal tract in the United States

Diarrhea is a notable sign

It is caused by a flagellated protozoan

A

Transmission occurs by tick bites

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11
Q

All of the following are STDs EXCEPT

gonorrhea

influenza

syphilis

AIDS

A

influenza

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12
Q

In the female urinary and reproductive systems there is a population of resident bacteria located in the

vagina

cervix

All of these

vulva

A

All of these

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13
Q

The pathogen that causes gonorrhea

occurs in spore and vegetative forms.

resists destruction during autoclaving.

is rarely contracted from a dry surface such as toilet seat.

survives for long periods of time on a dry surface.

A

is rarely contracted from a dry surface such as toilet seat.

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT a sign of secondary syphilis?

swollen lymph glands.

headache and mild fever

skin rash may be mistaken for measles, rubella, or chickenpox.

gummas.

A

gummas.

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a herpes infection?

genital herpes.

herpes encephalitis, a brain disease that may occur in newborns.

cold sores forming around the lips and nose.

genital warts.

A

genital warts.

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16
Q

The spread of HHV-1 can be cured by

getting vaccinated

AntiViral drug treatment

There is not cure for HHV-1 infections

washing your hands frequently

A

There is not cure for HHV-1 infections

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17
Q

The spread of warts can be prevented by

not sharing towels with someone who has them

keeping them clean

all of the these.

not picking at them

A

all of the these.

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18
Q

Genital warts caused by papillomavirus are transmitted through sexual intercourse and

all of these.

can be observed anywhere in the genital region.

appear as tiny flat or cauliflower shaped bumps in the genital or anal region.

do not develop in most people exposed to the virus.

A

all of these.

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19
Q

A sexually transmitted protozoal disease is

toxoplasmosis.

African trypanosomiasis.

American trypanosomiasis.

trichomoniasis.

A

trichomoniasis.

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20
Q

Which of the following viruses has been linked to cancer?

VSV

influenza A

HIV

HPV

A

HPV

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21
Q

The epithelial cells of the intestinal tract are coated with __________ , which helps protect them from pathogen invasion.

A

mucus

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22
Q

__________ can survive in the acidic conditions of the stomach and cause stomach ulcers.

A

Helicobacter pylori

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23
Q

The virus that has been in the news because of causing viral gastroenteritis on cruise ships is __________ .

A

norovirus

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24
Q

The common human tapeworms are in the genus _________.

A

taenia

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25
Q

__________ are the population of people most likely to develop a urinary tract infection.

A

Women

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26
Q

__________ stage of syphilis is characterized by a contagious skin rash.

A

Secondary

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27
Q

__________ are painful rubbery lesions on skin and bones characteristic of the late stages of syphilis

A

Gummas

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28
Q

__________ and Gonorrhea are the most common bacteria STDs.

A

Chlamydia

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29
Q

T/F Vaccines against typhoid contain attenuated exotoxin.

A

False

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30
Q

T/F The first priority when treating patients with cholera is replacing lost fluids, not antimicrobial treatment.

A

True

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31
Q

T/F The virus of hepatitis A is usually transmitted by direct blood-to-blood transfer.

A

False

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32
Q

T/F Pinworms can be picked up by barefeet in warm wet infected soil which can result in direct infection.

A

False

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33
Q

T/F The incubation periods for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are different as are the viruses responsible for these diseases.

A

True

34
Q

T/F In cases of giardiasis, the flagellated protozoa accumulate at the base of the brain and induce a deep coma in the patient.

A

False

35
Q

T/F One of the issues in controlling gonorrhea infections is that many of the female infections are asymptomatic.

A

True

36
Q

T/F Amantadine is a drug that can help inhibit a herpes outbreak.

A

False

37
Q

T/F Cases of trichomoniasis defy treatment with any known drug.

A

False

38
Q

T/F If exposed to HPV, women are encouraged to monitor the cervical epithelium through physician-provided PAP tests.

A

True

39
Q

T/F Men are more likely to develop UTIs because their urethras are shorter.

A

False

40
Q

T/F Intestinal protozoa may be transferred to the reproductive system by certain sexual practices.

A

True

41
Q
  1. Cholera are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Cholera?

A
  1. Vibrio cholerae

2. Bacteria

42
Q
  1. Peptic ulcers are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces peptic ulcers?

A
  1. Helicobacter pylori

2. Bacteria

43
Q
  1. Typhoid fever are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces typhoid fever?

A
  1. Salmonella enterica

2. Bacteria

44
Q
  1. Rotovirus produces which disease?

2. Rotovirusis what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Viral gastroenteritis

2. Virus

45
Q
  1. Giardia produces which disease?

2. Giardia is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Giardiasis

2. Protozoa

46
Q
  1. Vaginal yeast infections are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces vaginal yeast infections?

A
  1. Candida albicans

2. Fungi

47
Q
  1. Gonorrhea are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces gonorrhea?

A
  1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2. Bacteria

48
Q
  1. Chlamydia are produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces chlamydia?

A
  1. Chlamydia trachomatis

2. Bacteria

49
Q
  1. Treponema pallidum produces which disease?

2. Treponema pallidum is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Syphilis

2. Bacteria

50
Q
  1. Trichomonas vaginalis produces which disease?

2. Trichomonas vaginalis is what type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa)?

A
  1. Trichomoniasis

2. Protozoa

51
Q

Which of the following conditions usually results in severe acute liver damage?

co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses

co-infection with hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses

co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses

superinfection with hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses

infection with hepatitis delta viruses

A

co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses

52
Q

How does Borrelia burgdorferi evade the body’s defenses?

It has a polysaccharide capsule.

It has a polysaccharide capsule and antiphagocytic proteins.

It is capable of antigenic variation.

It is capable of antigenic variation and has manganese-containing enzymes.

It has manganese-containing enzymes.

A

It is capable of antigenic variation.

53
Q

The bacterium ________ adheres to and grows on teeth, contributing to dental plaque formation.

Streptococcus mutans

viridians streptococci

Enterobacter

Streptococcus agalactiae

Porphyromonas gingivalis

A

Streptococcus mutans

54
Q

The virulence factor of Vibrio cholera, which is primarily responsible for the signs and symptoms of cholera, is

its ability to produce a potent exotoxin.

its ability to form biofilms in saltwater.

its ability to survive in freshwater.

the presence of polar flagella.

A

its ability to produce a potent exotoxin.

55
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the common cold?

Cold viruses reproduce most effectively at 37°C.

Only coronaviruses cause the common cold.

Cold viruses are frequently spread by contaminated fomites.

The viruses can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

The immune system cannot develop an effective response to cold viruses.

A

Cold viruses are frequently spread by contaminated fomites.

56
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis is usually transmitted during sexual intercourse because it

produces cysts that germinate in the vagina.

penetrates cells lining the genitourinary tract.

cannot live long outside the body.

requires a growth factor found only in the vagina.

participates with HIV in coinfections.

A

cannot live long outside the body.

57
Q

Why does taking antibacterial medications put women at risk for candidiasis?

Antibacterials serve as growth stimulants for Candida albicans.

Depletion of the bacterial microbiota results in higher carbon dioxide levels, (which favor the growth of Candida albicans).

Antibacterials can alter metabolism, creating conditions that favor the growth of Candida albicans.

Antibacterials deplete the normal bacterial microbiota, resulting in a change of pH.

Bacteria killed by antibacterials provide nutrients for Candida albicans.

A

Antibacterials deplete the normal bacterial microbiota, resulting in a change of pH.

58
Q

Syphilis can be transmitted

from mother to fetus.

by fomites.

by sexual contact.

both by sexual contact and from mother to fetus.

by sexual contact, by fomites, and from mother to fetus.

A

both by sexual contact and from mother to fetus.

59
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning diphtheria?

No effective vaccine is available to prevent infection.

The pseudomembrane is easily removed by surgery.

A microscopic exam of bacterial samples is sufficient for conclusive diagnosis.

The signs and symptoms of the disease are directly caused by a bacterial toxin.

A diffuse rash is the major sign of diphtheria.

A

The signs and symptoms of the disease are directly caused by a bacterial toxin.

60
Q

Lyme disease becomes chronic because

Borrelia can lie dormant in liver cells.

Borrelia changes its surface antigens frequently.

the bacterium resists phagocytosis

Borrelia is an intracellular parasite of erythrocytes

the bacterium resists phagocytosis and “hides” erythrocytes.

A

Borrelia changes its surface antigens frequently.

61
Q

T/F Human herpesvirus 4 is better known as cytomegalovirus.

A

False

62
Q

T/F The seriousness of Coccidioides infections can be attributed to the cycle of formation and rupture of spherules.

A

True

63
Q

T/F All tapeworms are intestinal parasites that completely lack digestive systems.

A

True

64
Q

T/F Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can be transmitted from person-to-person and from rodents to humans.

A

False

65
Q

T/F The risk of developing toxic shock syndrome is increased by the use of super-absorbent tampons.

A

True

66
Q

____________ is a disease caused by normal microbiota that is more common in children than adults because of differences in the anatomy of the head.

A

Otitis media

67
Q

The intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni is a _____________.

A

snail

68
Q

The release of bacterial toxins into the blood leads to ______________.

A

toxemia

69
Q

Isolation of Gram-positive (pick one: bacilli/cocci/vibrios) from food suspected of being the source of an outbreak of diarrhea indicates the disease is the result of bacterial intoxication.

A

cocci

70
Q

The causative agent of pinworm infections is an example of a __________.

A

nematode

71
Q
  1. Candidiasis is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Candidiasis.

A
  1. Candida albicans

2. Fungi

72
Q
  1. Chagas’ Disease is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Chagas’ Disease.

A
  1. Trypanosoma cruzi

2. Parasite

73
Q
  1. Shigellosis is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Shigellosis.

A
  1. Shigella

2. Bacteria

74
Q
  1. Diphtheria is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Diphtheria.

A
  1. Cornybactum diptherium

2. Bacteria

75
Q
  1. Gonorrhea is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Gonorrhea.

A
  1. Neisseria gonorrhea

2. Bacteria

76
Q
  1. Anthrax is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Anthrax.

A
  1. Bacilicus anthacis

2. Bacteria

77
Q
  1. Lyme disease is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Lyme disease.

A
  1. Borrelia burgdorferi

2. Bacteria

78
Q
  1. Legionnaire’s Disease is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Legionnaire’s Disease.

A
  1. Legionella

2. Bacteria

79
Q
  1. Cholera is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Cholera.

A
  1. Vibrio cholera

2. Bacteria

80
Q
  1. Syphilis is produced by what pathogen?

2. What type of pathogen (ex: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa) produces Syphilis .

A
  1. Treponema pallidum

2. Bacteria

Medical Microbiology (10 decks)

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