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Health Assessment > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the musculoskeletal system comprised of

A

bones, joints, skeletal muscles and supportive CT

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2
Q

what are supportive connective tissue

A

tendons, ligaments, and caritlage

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3
Q

connect muscles to bones

A

tendons

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4
Q

connect bones to eachother at the joint level

A

ligaments

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5
Q

cushioning tissue within a joint

A

cartilage

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6
Q

close to the center of the body

A

proximal

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7
Q

away from the center of the body

A

distal

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8
Q

moving the extremity laterally, away from midline

A

abduction

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9
Q

moving the extremity medially, toward the midline

A

adduction

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10
Q

rotating the extremity medially along its own axis

A

internal rotation

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11
Q

rotating the extremity laterally along its own axis

A

external rotation

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12
Q

moving the thumb outward to touch the little thumb

A

opposition

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13
Q

review of related history

A

past history, trauma, surgery on bone, skeletal deformities, chronic illness

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14
Q

current complaints

A

back, joint, muscular, skeletal complaints/pain, and injury

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15
Q

family history

A

Congenital abnormalities or genetic disorders, scoliosis, arthritis

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16
Q

personal and social history

A

employment, exercise, functional abilities, weight and height changes, tobacco and alcohol use, nutrition

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17
Q

sports injury risk factors

A

poor conditioning, not warming up, intensity of competition, collision, rapid growth, overuse

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18
Q

Main Risk Factors: Osteoarthritis

A

obesity, family history, lax ligaments with postural joint deformity, > 40 yrs old

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19
Q

additional risk factors for osteoarthritis

A

race, light frame, post menopause, constant dieting, scoliosis, metabolic disorders, some drugs, smoking and alcohol

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20
Q

equipment of musculoskeletal

A

Skin marking pencil, Goniometer, Measuring tape, Reflex hammer, Sphygmomanometer

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21
Q

what do you check during inspection

A

Alignment, Contour, Symmetry, Height/weight, Gross deformity, Posture, weight bearing tolerance, and gait

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22
Q

Affected foot/leg does not touch the floor

A

non weigh bearing

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23
Q

Touches floor, but no weight placed

A

touchdown weight bearing

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24
Q

30-50% of weight born

A

partial weight bearing

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25
Q

50% but < 100%

A

weight bearing as tolerated

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26
Q

what do you compare during inspection and palpation

A

contralateral sides

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27
Q

a discrepancy of what between the two contralateral parts is abnormal

A

> 3 cm

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28
Q

how do you inspect and palpate muscles

A

Contract muscle isometrically
Then relax muscle
Then contract again
Watch for any involuntary movements

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29
Q

without inducing movement

A

isometric muscle contraction

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30
Q

Flaccidity

Decreased muscle tone

A

hypotonicity

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31
Q

Increased muscle tone

Often noted with extreme flexion or extension

A

Spasticity

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32
Q

partial dislodgment of the bone from its place in the joint cavity

A

subluxation

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33
Q

dislodgment of one bone out of the joint cavity

A

dislocation

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34
Q

when do you stop ROM exercises

A

if person complains of pain

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35
Q

what should you never do to a joint

A

push a joint beyond its anatomic angle

36
Q

how do you determine exact ROM

A

goniometer

37
Q

as you test ROM what should you also test for

A

muscle strength

38
Q

how do you grade muscle strength

A

0(none) to 5+(normal)

39
Q

how do you palpate the Temperomandibular Joint

A

Place the tips of your index fingers directly in front of the tragus of each ear
Ask the person to : Open and close the mouth and Move the jaw side-to-side

40
Q

what do you palpate the TMJ for

A

Clicking
Popping
Pain

41
Q

what do you check the strength of in the TMJ

A

Strength of temporalis and masseter muscles and CN Trigeminal

42
Q

what do you inspect the cervical spine for

A

Alignment

Symmetry of skin folds and muscles

43
Q

what are the ROM for cervical spine

A

Forward flexion
Hyperextension
Lateral bending
Rotation

44
Q

what do you check the strength of in the cervical spine

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and CN Spinal accessory

45
Q

what do you inspect for in thoracic and lumbar spine

A

scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, list

46
Q

Leaning of the spine

May be from herniated lumbar disc/painful paravertebral muscles

A

list

47
Q

Excessive concavity of the lumbar spine

“Swayback”

A

lordosis

48
Q

Excessive convexity of the thoracic spine
Forward and downward hunching of head, neck, shoulders
“Hunchback”

A

kyphosis

49
Q

Lateral curvature of the spine

Becomes accentuated on forward flexion at the waist

A

scoliosis

50
Q

what do you palpate the thoracic and lumbar spine for

A

Palpate the spinal processes and paravertebral muscles

for Nodules and Tenderness

51
Q

what is the ROM for thoracic and lumbar spine

A

Forward flexion
Hyperextension
Lateral bending
Rotation

52
Q

what do you inspect the shoulders for

A

contour

53
Q

what is the ROM of the shoulders

A 
Shrugging shoulders
Forward flexion 
Hyperextension 
Abduction 
Adduction 
Internal and external rotation
54
Q

what does muscle strength of the shoulders test for

A

shrugging shoulders (CN spinal accessory), forward flexion, and abduction

55
Q

how do you inspect the elbows

A

in flexed and extended position for Contour and Carrying angle (5-15°)

56
Q

what do you palpate on the elbows

A

the extensor surfaces for tenderness, warmth, nodules

57
Q

what is the ROM of the elbows

A

Flexion
Extension
Pronation and supination

58
Q

how do you test muscle strength in elbows

A

flexion and extension

59
Q

what do you inspect hands and wrists for

A

Contour
Position
Shape
Number and completeness of digits

60
Q

how do you test for Tinel’s sign

A

Strike the median nerve
Tingling or prickling sensation radiating from wrist to the hand especially to the thumb, index and middle fingers
Positive sign is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome

61
Q

how do you test for Phalen’s sign

A

Wrist flexed and dorsum of hands pressed together
Hold for 1 minute
Sensations of numbness and paresthesia in palmar aspects of hand, especially the first 3 fingers
Positive sign is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome

62
Q

what are the ROM for hands and wrists

A

Metacarpophalyngeal flexion (180°) and extension (30°)
Thumb opposition
Forming a fist
Finger abduction and adduction
Wrist hyperextension (70°) and flexion (90°)
Radial (20°) and ulnar movement (55°)

63
Q

how do you test muscle strength of hands and wrists

A

Wrist extension and hyperextension
Finger abduction and adduction
Hand grip

64
Q

what do you inspect hips for

A

for symmetry and level of gluteal folds

65
Q

what do you palpate the hips for

A

Instability
Tenderness
Crepitus

66
Q

what are the ROM for hips

A

Flexion (120°), extension (90°), and hyperextension (30°)
Abduction (45°) and adduction (30°)
Internal (40°) and external (45°) rotation

67
Q

how do you check muscle strength of hips

A

Knee in flexion and extension

Abduction and adduction

68
Q

what do you inspect the knees for

A

for natural concavities

69
Q

what do you palpate on the knee

A

the popliteal space and joint space

70
Q

what is the ROM for knees

A

Flexion (130°)

Extension (0-15°)

71
Q

how do you check muscle strength of knees

A

Flexion

Extension

72
Q

how do you inspect feet and ankles

A

during weight bearing and non weight bearing for

Contour, Alignment, Size, Number of toes

73
Q

what do you palpate in the feet and ankles

A

the Achilles tendon and each metatarsal joint

74
Q

what is the ROM for feet and ankles

A

Dorsiflexion (20°) and plantar flexion (45°)
Inversion (30°) and eversion (20°)
Flexion and extension of the toes

75
Q

how do you check muscle strength of feet and ankles

A

Plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion

76
Q

what abnormalities do you look for in newborns

A

syndactyly, polydactyly, signs of hip location, simian crease

77
Q

Single crease across entire palm

Associated with Down syndrome

A

simian crease

78
Q

when Should infants be able to lift the head and trunk from the prone position

A

2 months

79
Q

Kyphosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine is normal until when

A

the infant can sit without support

About 7 months

80
Q

all babies are what

A

flat footed

81
Q

developmental variations in children

A

Young children have a protuberant belly and lumbar curvature
Watch alignment especially
Feet often slightly invert until about 30 months
Caution parents about reverse tailor sitting

82
Q

abnormalities in children

A

genu varum and genu valgum

83
Q

“Bow leg”

Measure distance between knees when ankles are together

A

genu varum

84
Q

“Knock knee”

Measure distance between ankles when knees are together

A

genu valgum

85
Q

developmental variations in adolescents

A

May have slight kyphosis and rounded shoulders

Bone growth is complete by age 20

86
Q

pregnancy variations

A

Postural changes
Increased lordosis
Increased mobility and instability of sacroiliac joints
Pregnancy waddle
Symptoms of carpel tunnel syndrome related to fluid retention

87
Q

older adult variations

A

Joint agility can be grossly assessed by functional ADLs
Posture
Increased kyphosis, especially with osteoporosis
Reduction in total muscle mass

Health Assessment (28 decks)

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