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BMSC > Module 8 - 1 > Flashcards

Module 8 - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse family of compounds that share the defining feature of insolubility in water.

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2
Q

What are the functional characteristics of lipids?

A

Energy storage, structural component of membranes, signalling, enzyme co-factors & vitamins.

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3
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Hydrocarbon derivatives with a carboxylic head.

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4
Q

What are the different types of double bonds within fatty acids?

A

Saturated (no double bonds), unsaturated (1 double bond), polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds).

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5
Q

What is the nomenclature of fatty acids based on?

A

Length, presence or absence of double bonds, location of double bonds.

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6
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A

Hydrocarbon tails associate through hydrophobic and Vander Waals interactions.

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7
Q

What is the association of fatty acids based on?

A

Melting temperature, length and degree of saturation of hydrocarbon tails, and double bonds.

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8
Q

What are lipids?

A

Critical energy storage molecules for plants and animals.

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9
Q

Where do lipids occupy most of the intracellular space?

A

Adipocytes.

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10
Q
A

Insulating function for cold weather animals.

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11
Q

What are triacylglycerols?

A

Fatty acid esters of glycerol.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of simple triacylglycerols?

A

Same three fatty acids at each position.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of complex triacylglycerols?

A

Different fatty acids.

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14
Q

What is the function of the ester linkage?

A

To remove the polar carboxyl group to make a more hydrophobic molecule.

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15
Q

What are the different biological roles of energy storage molecules?

A

Different energy storage molecules serve different biological roles.

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16
Q
A

Fats.

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17
Q

How much more energy is in fats than carbohydrates on a gram per gram basis?

A

Six times.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of lipids that make them effective as long-term energy storage molecules?

A

Low oxidation state and low hydration state.

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19
Q

What is saponification?

A

The process of breaking ester linkages to release free fatty acids.

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20
Q

What are the amphipathic properties of free fatty acids?

A

Effective in solubilization of hydrophobic substances.

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21
Q

What is the function of fatty acids as detergents and soaps?

A

Formation of micelles that capture hydrophobic molecules.

22
Q

What is the process of making soap from fat called?

A

Saponification.

23
Q

What is the function of micelles?

A

To capture hydrophobic molecules.

24
Q

What is the function of lipids in adipocytes?

A

Energy storage.

25
Q

What is the function of fat storage under the skin?

A

Insulation for cold weather animals.

26
Q

What is the function of triacylglycerols?

A

Storage lipids in animals and plants.

27
Q

What is Olestra?

A

A molecule that looks and tastes like fat, but cannot be processed by our digestive system.

28
Q

What is Olestra made of?

A

Eight fatty acids linked to a sugar group.

29
Q

What are the properties of Olestra?

A

It looks and tastes like fat but passes through the digestive system without being absorbed.

30
Q

What are the side effects of Olestra?

A

There are some side effects.

31
Q

What are waxes?

A

Non-polar esters of long-chain fatty acids and long chain mono hydroxylic alcohols.

32
Q

What are the properties of waxes?

A

Very water insoluble and have high melting temps (60-100 C).

33
Q

Where are waxes found?

A

Widely distributed in nature as protective waterproof coatings on leaves, fruits, animal skin, and feathers.

34
Q

What do membrane bilayers do?

A

Define cells and regulate the composition of the intracellular environment.

35
Q

What is the consequence of the properties of the molecules that compose membranes?

A

Formation of membranes is a spontaneous consequence.

36
Q

What are the properties of the lipid components of membranes?

A

They tend to have similar overall shapes and properties, with two hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head group.

37
Q

How can membrane lipids be classified?

A

Based on their backbone (glycerol vs sphingosine) or by their polar head groups (phospho vs glyco).

38
Q

What are glycerophospholipids?

A

The most abundant lipids in membranes, with a glycerol backbone and a phosphate at the C3 position (Glycerol 3-phosphate).

39
Q

What is phosphatidate?

A

Glycerol-3-Phosphate + 2 fatty acids.

40
Q

What is the point of attachment for a variety of polar head groups in glycerophospholipids?

A

The phosphate group.

41
Q

What are the different polar head groups for glycerophospholipids?

A

They can carry positive, negative, or neutral charge.

42
Q

What is the likely association between different head groups and specialized functions?

A

Phosphatidylinositol is involved in intracellular signal transduction.

43
Q

What are galactolipids and sulfolipids?

A

Structural lipids in membranes.

44
Q

What is the role of sugar and sulfate polar head groups in plants?

A

To conserve use of phosphate for more critical applications.

45
Q

What are galactolipids?

A

One or two galactose groups linked to C3 of diacylglycerol.

46
Q

What are sulfolipids?

A

Lipids found in plants.

47
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

Lipids derived from sphingosine.

48
Q

What is the structure of ceramide?

A

Structurally similar to diacylglycerol.

49
Q

What are some common sphingolipids?

A

Sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, and gangliosides.

50
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Glycosphingolipids.

51
Q

How are cells recognized as ‘self’ vs ‘non-self’?

A

Based on patterns of surface exposed carbohydrates.

52
Q

What are some unique membrane lipids found in extremophiles?

A

Ethers linkages, branch points within the hydrocarbon tails, and membrane spanning hydrocarbon tails composed from a single molecule.

BMSC (19 decks)

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