Module 10 - 4 Flashcards

(33 cards)

1
Q

What are the primary enzymes for synthesizing nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA polymerases

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2
Q

What are the substrates for nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Nucleotide triphosphates

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3
Q

In what direction do all polymerases synthesize nucleic acids?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

Where are incoming residues added during nucleic acid synthesis?

A

3’ end of the growing strand

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5
Q

What is the criteria for selecting incoming residues during nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Complimentary to the template strand

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6
Q

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

A

Amplification of short regions of DNA

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7
Q

What does PCR take the advantage of?

A

the ability for each DNA strand to serve as a template for production of a complimentary

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8
Q

How is new DNA made through PCR?

A

Heat stable enzymes

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9
Q

What did PCR revolutionize?

A

Molecular biology, and diagnostics, and forensics

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10
Q

DNA in eukaryotes need to be packaged into what?

A

Higher order structure due to the amount

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11
Q

What is the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes?

A

Formation of nucleosomes

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12
Q

What are nucleosome beads?

A

DNA histone complexes on a string of double stranded DNA

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13
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

structural unit for packaging chromatin; consisting of a DNA strand around a histone core

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14
Q

What are histones?

A

DNA packaging proteins

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15
Q

Characteristics of histones?

A

Highly conserved and positively charged

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16
Q

What are the five histone proteins?

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

17
Q

What is the composition of a nucleosome?

A

Two molecules of each H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and 146 base pairs of DNA

18
Q

What is the role of H1 in a nucleosome?

A

Binds the region of linker DNA

19
Q

How are histones modified to regulate their interaction with DNA?

A

Reversibly modified

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA containing information for production of a biological product

21
Q

How can the size of a gene be estimated?

A

From the size of the corresponding protein

22
Q

What is the relationship between nucleotides, codons, and amino acids?

A

3 nucleotides = 1 codon = 1 amino acid

23
Q

Where are genes contained?

A

Within chromosomes

24
Q

How many chromosomes do viruses and bacteria have?

A

Single chromosome

25
What is the difference between bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?
Bacterial genomes are closed, circular, and have no introns, while eukaryotic genomes are linear, have introns, and are divided among numerous chromosomes.
26
What is a plasmid?
A non-chromosomal DNA that may contain additional genetic information, such as antibiotic resistance.
27
What is the problem with replicating the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes?
Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and have repeating sequences called telomeres at the ends.
28
What are introns?
Non-coding regions that interrupt genes in eukaryotic genomes.
29
Do all organisms have the same number of chromosomes?
No, different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.
30
What is the difference in size between bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?
Bacterial genomes have millions of base pairs, while eukaryotic genomes have billions of nucleotides.
31
What is the difference in chromosome organization between bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?
Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized and have a characteristic set of genes, while bacterial genomes have no internal interruptions.
32
What is the additional DNA found in some organelles?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts may contain additional DNA distinct from that of the nucleus.
33
What is the function of telomeres?
They are repeating sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect against the loss of genetic information during replication.