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BMSC > Module 10 - 4 > Flashcards

Module 10 - 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary enzymes for synthesizing nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA polymerases

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2
Q

What are the substrates for nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Nucleotide triphosphates

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3
Q

In what direction do all polymerases synthesize nucleic acids?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

Where are incoming residues added during nucleic acid synthesis?

A

3’ end of the growing strand

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5
Q

What is the criteria for selecting incoming residues during nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Complimentary to the template strand

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6
Q

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

A

Amplification of short regions of DNA

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7
Q

What does PCR take the advantage of?

A

the ability for each DNA strand to serve as a template for production of a complimentary

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8
Q

How is new DNA made through PCR?

A

Heat stable enzymes

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9
Q

What did PCR revolutionize?

A

Molecular biology, and diagnostics, and forensics

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10
Q

DNA in eukaryotes need to be packaged into what?

A

Higher order structure due to the amount

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11
Q

What is the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes?

A

Formation of nucleosomes

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12
Q

What are nucleosome beads?

A

DNA histone complexes on a string of double stranded DNA

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13
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

structural unit for packaging chromatin; consisting of a DNA strand around a histone core

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14
Q

What are histones?

A

DNA packaging proteins

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15
Q

Characteristics of histones?

A

Highly conserved and positively charged

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16
Q

What are the five histone proteins?

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

17
Q

What is the composition of a nucleosome?

A

Two molecules of each H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and 146 base pairs of DNA

18
Q

What is the role of H1 in a nucleosome?

A

Binds the region of linker DNA

19
Q

How are histones modified to regulate their interaction with DNA?

A

Reversibly modified

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA containing information for production of a biological product

21
Q

How can the size of a gene be estimated?

A

From the size of the corresponding protein

22
Q

What is the relationship between nucleotides, codons, and amino acids?

A

3 nucleotides = 1 codon = 1 amino acid

23
Q

Where are genes contained?

A

Within chromosomes

24
Q

How many chromosomes do viruses and bacteria have?

A

Single chromosome

25
Q

What is the difference between bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?

A

Bacterial genomes are closed, circular, and have no introns, while eukaryotic genomes are linear, have introns, and are divided among numerous chromosomes.

26
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A non-chromosomal DNA that may contain additional genetic information, such as antibiotic resistance.

27
Q

What is the problem with replicating the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and have repeating sequences called telomeres at the ends.

28
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding regions that interrupt genes in eukaryotic genomes.

29
Q

Do all organisms have the same number of chromosomes?

A

No, different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.

30
Q

What is the difference in size between bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?

A

Bacterial genomes have millions of base pairs, while eukaryotic genomes have billions of nucleotides.

31
Q

What is the difference in chromosome organization between bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized and have a characteristic set of genes, while bacterial genomes have no internal interruptions.

32
Q

What is the additional DNA found in some organelles?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts may contain additional DNA distinct from that of the nucleus.

33
Q

What is the function of telomeres?

A

They are repeating sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect against the loss of genetic information during replication.

BMSC (19 decks)

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