Module 7 - 2

Question 1

What are anomeric carbons?

Answer 1

New chiral carbon after cyclization

Question 2

What are the α and β configurations?

Answer 2

Two new stereoisomers

Question 3

What is the difference between α and β configurations?

Answer 3

α-hydroxyl is below, β-hydroxyl is above the plane of the sugar

Question 4

What is mutarotation?

Answer 4

Interconversion of α and β configurations

Question 5

How does mutarotation occur?

Answer 5

Through a linear intermediate

Question 6

What does mutarotation represent?

Answer 6

A change in configuration

Question 7

What is the ratio of β-glucopyranose to α-glucopyranose in solution?

Answer 7

2/3 to 1/3

Question 8

What is the ratio of β-glucopyranose to β-fructofuranose in corn syrup?

Answer 8

High concentration of β-glucopyranose

Question 9

What is fructose?

Answer 9

A monosaccharide

Question 10

What happens during the cyclization of fructose?

Answer 10

C5 hydroxyl and C2 ketone form a chiral anomeric carbon

Question 11

What are fructofuranose and fructopyranose?

Answer 11

Ring forms of fructose

Question 12

What is the difference between fructofuranose and fructopyranose?

Answer 12

Fructofuranose is less sweet than β-fructopyranose

Question 13

What are sugar derivatives?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates with modified functional groups

Question 14

What are mustard bombs?

Answer 14

Plants containing glucosinolate and myrosinase

Question 15

What is the function of the bitter taste in isothiocyanate?

Answer 15

To discourage herbivores from eating the plant

Question 16

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 16

Simple sugars

Question 17

What are reducing agents?

Answer 17

Mild oxidizing agents like iron and copper

Question 18

What happens to the carbonyl group during oxidation?

Answer 18

It is oxidized to a carboxyl group

Question 19

What are some common modifications to carbohydrates?

Answer 19

Nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur groups

Question 20

What is the purpose of quantification of sugars in blood or urine?

Answer 20

To determine the amount of sugars present.

Question 21

What is the reducing end of a sugar?

Answer 21

The end of the sugar with the carbonyl carbon.

Question 22

What is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 22

The primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides.

Question 23

What are the two types of glycosidic bonds?

Answer 23

O-glycosidic bonds and N-glycosidic bonds.

Question 24

What does the nomenclature of a disaccharide specify?

Answer 24

The monosaccharides involved, their ring types, configurations, and linkages.

Question 25

What is the reducing end of a polymer?

Answer 25

The end of the chain with a free anomeric carbon.

Question 26

What is the significance of monosaccharides having multiple hydroxyl groups?

Answer 26

Many different glycosidic linkages are possible.

Question 27

How many different structures can be generated from glucose, galactose, and mannose?

Answer 27

12,000.

Question 28

How are higher order carbohydrate structures generated?

Answer 28

Through the action of glycosyltransferases.

Question 29

What do glycosyltransferases use to generate higher order carbohydrate structures?

Answer 29

Monosaccharides that are activated through linkage with UDP.

Question 30

What is the anomeric carbon?

Answer 30

The carbon in a sugar that is involved in the glycosidic bond.