Module 7 - 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are anomeric carbons?
New chiral carbon after cyclization
What are the α and β configurations?
Two new stereoisomers
What is the difference between α and β configurations?
α-hydroxyl is below, β-hydroxyl is above the plane of the sugar
What is mutarotation?
Interconversion of α and β configurations
How does mutarotation occur?
Through a linear intermediate
What does mutarotation represent?
A change in configuration
What is the ratio of β-glucopyranose to α-glucopyranose in solution?
2/3 to 1/3
What is the ratio of β-glucopyranose to β-fructofuranose in corn syrup?
High concentration of β-glucopyranose
What is fructose?
A monosaccharide
What happens during the cyclization of fructose?
C5 hydroxyl and C2 ketone form a chiral anomeric carbon
What are fructofuranose and fructopyranose?
Ring forms of fructose
What is the difference between fructofuranose and fructopyranose?
Fructofuranose is less sweet than β-fructopyranose
What are sugar derivatives?
Carbohydrates with modified functional groups
What are mustard bombs?
Plants containing glucosinolate and myrosinase
What is the function of the bitter taste in isothiocyanate?
To discourage herbivores from eating the plant
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What are reducing agents?
Mild oxidizing agents like iron and copper
What happens to the carbonyl group during oxidation?
It is oxidized to a carboxyl group
What are some common modifications to carbohydrates?
Nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur groups
What is the purpose of quantification of sugars in blood or urine?
To determine the amount of sugars present.
What is the reducing end of a sugar?
The end of the sugar with the carbonyl carbon.
What is a glycosidic bond?
The primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides.
What are the two types of glycosidic bonds?
O-glycosidic bonds and N-glycosidic bonds.
What does the nomenclature of a disaccharide specify?
The monosaccharides involved, their ring types, configurations, and linkages.
