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Anatomy and Physiology > module 7 integumentary system > Flashcards

module 7 integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Which organs are included in the integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

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2
Q

What is the largest organ in the body

A

skin

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis: outer
dermis: middle
hypodermis( subcutaneous)- inner

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4
Q

What do skin cells absorb

A

Ultraviolet light: to produce vitamin D

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5
Q

What does Vitamin D promote

A

bone development

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6
Q

Why does the intugementary system have sensory receptors and glands

A

used to protect skin and underlying tissues

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7
Q

What important role does integumentary system play for internal organs

A

provides protection from extreme temperature chnanges and protects from pathogenic microorganism

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8
Q

What are Merkel’s Cells and Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors detect mechanical sensory information of light, touch and vibration

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9
Q

What are Nociceptors

A

detect pain

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10
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles

A

detect mechanical sensory information for pressure

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11
Q

What are thermoreceptors

A

detect hot and cold

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12
Q

Exocrine glands contain secretions released through a what

A

a duct into an epithelial wall or lining of cavity

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13
Q

Most exocrine glands are what type and where do they secrete

A

multicellular and secrete their contents to the surface of the skin

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14
Q

What are sebaceous glands

A

produce sebum

helps keep skin and hair from drying out and stops growth of harmful bacteria

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15
Q

What are sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands
extend all the way through dermis to release contents to surface
produce sweat in almost every part of the skin

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16
Q

What is perspiration and function

A

release of sweat

help regulate body temperature through thermoregulation

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17
Q

What is the Epidermis and what is the structure

A

outermost layer of the skin
stratified squamous epithelium: layered and flat
avascular

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18
Q

where does Epidermis receive its nutrients

A

base membrane: basal lamina

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19
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A

stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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20
Q

What are stratum basal cells constantly doing

A

dividing to rebuild skin

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21
Q

what happens as basal cells divide

A

cells are pushed toward external surface until dead and removed
30 days for cell of stratum basal to get to surface of stratum corneum

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22
Q

Why is the superficial layer of skin cells dead

A

due to lack of blood supply

maintain stratum corneum for 2 weeks before falling off

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23
Q

What unique feature does the stratum basal form for each human

A

fingerprints
from epidermal ridges
extend through epidermis

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24
Q

What are melanocytes

A

produce melanin

pigment to aid in protect skin

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25
Q

What are Langerhan cells

A

first line of defense for body: help identify pathogen before reaches blood stream

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26
Q

What are Merkel cells

A

sensory: respond to light touch

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27
Q

What are Keratinocyte

A

produce keratin

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28
Q

what is keratinization- specifically epidermal

A

go through to protect exposed surface of the skin

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29
Q

What do fibroblasts produce

A

collagen

adheres cells of epidermis to each other and give skin elasticity

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30
Q

Which sensory organs are found in the dermis

A

Meissner Corpuscles and Pacinian corpscles

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31
Q

What are the names of the superficial and deep regions of the dermis

A

superficial: papillary
deep: reticular

32
Q

What do both regions of the dermis contain

A

collagen and elastic fibers: enable skin to stretch and prevent damage

33
Q

What does dermis have a higher concentration of compared to epidermis

A

water content

34
Q

If a person is dehydrated will he have less or more water in the dermis

A

less

35
Q

What is a test for dehydration

A

pinch skin: if bounces back person is hydrated: if it stays bunched then the person is dehydrated

36
Q

What does the reticular region contain

A

primary blood supply for the skin

37
Q

What is a bruise/contusion

A

damage to one of blood vessels

blood leak out of vessel into dermis create color of bruise

38
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer mostly comprised of

A

adipocytes: fat cells

39
Q

What are the 2 layers of the subcutaneous layer

A

subcutaneous fat

subcutaneous tissue

40
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis

A

anchor dermis to layer of fat cells

41
Q

What is the function of fat in the skin

A

insulate the body and regulate body temp

42
Q

What is significant about the thickness of the hypodermis

A

protects deeper tissue and organs from injury

43
Q

What is a subcutaneous injection

A

med/vaccine given in a needle reaches the dermis but superficial to muscle
absorbed more slowly than if given in a vein

44
Q

What are dermatomes

A

innervations of skin: specifically different areas by 1 sensory nerve

45
Q

What is the process of sensory signal to the brain

A

sensory signal from sensory organ sent from skin to spinal nerve through spinal cord then brain for processing

46
Q

What are the different regions and their dermatomes

A 
face: CN 5- trigeminal
cervical spinal: C1-C5
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-:L5
Sacral: S1-S5
47
Q

what are the 2 parts of hair

A

root- begin @ hair bulb- has blood and nerves

shaft: extend through epidermis

48
Q

What is hair made up of

A

dead epidermal cells, converted to keratin: gives hair stronger texture compared to skin

49
Q

What is found at end of each hair follicle

A

sebaceous gland: help hydrate hair with oil

50
Q

what is each hair follicle connected to

A

arrector pili muscle: smooth muscle contracts when body is cold or experiences emotional response

51
Q

Where are hair follicles found

A

skin surface and susceptible to circulating hormone

ex: armpit, groin, head: change after puberty

52
Q

What is the composition of nails

A

dead epidermal cells converted to keratin

53
Q

Where are new nail cells converted

A

@ nail root and pushed toward external surface in nail body

54
Q

What is the nail body

A

visible portion of nail

covers epidermis region called nail bed

55
Q

What is the nail root

A

not visible: stratum corneum of epidermis extend from nail root covering visible portion of nail: called cuticle

56
Q

What is lunula

A

visible portion of nail bed near nail root

typically present shaped: easiest to see is thumb

57
Q

What is the smallest unit of life

A

cell

58
Q

What is it called when groups of cells come togeher

A

tissue

59
Q

What are tissues

A

comprised of cells similar in structure and function

60
Q

What are the 2 main properties of tissues

A

cells and matrix( extracellular material)

61
Q

What is in matrix

A

extracellular fluid, protein and collagen

62
Q

What needs to be repaired if skin is damaged

A

tissue and matrix

63
Q

What structures are involved in tissue repair

A

blood platelets, mast cells, macrophage, fibroblasts

64
Q

How are blood platelets involved with tissue repair

A

platelets from broken vessel accumulate in area where tissue damaged and forms clot: secrete substance to prevent blood loss- mesh like

65
Q

How are mast cells involved in tissue repair

A

release histamine: dilate blood vessels to bring increased blood and nutrients to injured area
help initiate local inflammatory response

66
Q

How are Macrophage involved in tissue repair

A

engulf and destroy disease causing pathogen

once dead and foreign cell gone, body replaces damaged cells

67
Q

How are fibroblasts involved in tissue repair

A

help secrete new collagen in shape of old tissue

68
Q

What is the final phase of tissue repair

A

remodeling: tissue matures, cells take on original function

69
Q

if wound is deep what forms

A

scar= overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue: can’t be fully replaced
some original function of tissue lost

70
Q

Describe a 1rst degree burn

A

superficial: only damage epidermis
Sx: dry, red, painful, w/o blisters
ex: mild sunburn

71
Q

Describe 2nd degree burn

A

Partial thickness: damage epidermis and part of dermis

burn turns red and forms blisters become painful and swollen

72
Q

Describe 3rd degree burn

A

full thickness burn: damage epidermis, dermis and possible subcutaneous
injured skin looks white “charred”
extremely painful

73
Q

Describe 4th degree burn

A

damage to epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous, underlying tissue/muscle or bone
nerve end destroyed: no sensation in affected area

74
Q

What is a skin graft

A

used to help heal tissue if skin is too severely damaged or burn covers large surface area
take healthy skin from own body and grafted on top damaged area

75
Q

How does a skin graft aid in healing

A

decrease recovery time and prevent infection

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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