module 7 integumentary system Flashcards
Which organs are included in the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
What is the largest organ in the body
skin
What are the 3 layers of the skin
epidermis: outer
dermis: middle
hypodermis( subcutaneous)- inner
What do skin cells absorb
Ultraviolet light: to produce vitamin D
What does Vitamin D promote
bone development
Why does the intugementary system have sensory receptors and glands
used to protect skin and underlying tissues
What important role does integumentary system play for internal organs
provides protection from extreme temperature chnanges and protects from pathogenic microorganism
What are Merkel’s Cells and Meissner’s Corpuscles
mechanoreceptors detect mechanical sensory information of light, touch and vibration
What are Nociceptors
detect pain
What are Pacinian corpuscles
detect mechanical sensory information for pressure
What are thermoreceptors
detect hot and cold
Exocrine glands contain secretions released through a what
a duct into an epithelial wall or lining of cavity
Most exocrine glands are what type and where do they secrete
multicellular and secrete their contents to the surface of the skin
What are sebaceous glands
produce sebum
helps keep skin and hair from drying out and stops growth of harmful bacteria
What are sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
extend all the way through dermis to release contents to surface
produce sweat in almost every part of the skin
What is perspiration and function
release of sweat
help regulate body temperature through thermoregulation
What is the Epidermis and what is the structure
outermost layer of the skin
stratified squamous epithelium: layered and flat
avascular
where does Epidermis receive its nutrients
base membrane: basal lamina
What are the 4 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
What are stratum basal cells constantly doing
dividing to rebuild skin
what happens as basal cells divide
cells are pushed toward external surface until dead and removed
30 days for cell of stratum basal to get to surface of stratum corneum
Why is the superficial layer of skin cells dead
due to lack of blood supply
maintain stratum corneum for 2 weeks before falling off
What unique feature does the stratum basal form for each human
fingerprints
from epidermal ridges
extend through epidermis
What are melanocytes
produce melanin
pigment to aid in protect skin
What are Langerhan cells
first line of defense for body: help identify pathogen before reaches blood stream
What are Merkel cells
sensory: respond to light touch
What are Keratinocyte
produce keratin
what is keratinization- specifically epidermal
go through to protect exposed surface of the skin
What do fibroblasts produce
collagen
adheres cells of epidermis to each other and give skin elasticity
Which sensory organs are found in the dermis
Meissner Corpuscles and Pacinian corpscles
What are the names of the superficial and deep regions of the dermis
superficial: papillary
deep: reticular
What do both regions of the dermis contain
collagen and elastic fibers: enable skin to stretch and prevent damage
What does dermis have a higher concentration of compared to epidermis
water content
If a person is dehydrated will he have less or more water in the dermis
less
What is a test for dehydration
pinch skin: if bounces back person is hydrated: if it stays bunched then the person is dehydrated
What does the reticular region contain
primary blood supply for the skin
What is a bruise/contusion
damage to one of blood vessels
blood leak out of vessel into dermis create color of bruise
What is the subcutaneous layer mostly comprised of
adipocytes: fat cells
What are the 2 layers of the subcutaneous layer
subcutaneous fat
subcutaneous tissue
What is the function of the hypodermis
anchor dermis to layer of fat cells
What is the function of fat in the skin
insulate the body and regulate body temp
What is significant about the thickness of the hypodermis
protects deeper tissue and organs from injury
What is a subcutaneous injection
med/vaccine given in a needle reaches the dermis but superficial to muscle
absorbed more slowly than if given in a vein
What are dermatomes
innervations of skin: specifically different areas by 1 sensory nerve
What is the process of sensory signal to the brain
sensory signal from sensory organ sent from skin to spinal nerve through spinal cord then brain for processing
What are the different regions and their dermatomes
face: CN 5- trigeminal cervical spinal: C1-C5 Thoracic: T1-T12 Lumbar: L1-:L5 Sacral: S1-S5
what are the 2 parts of hair
root- begin @ hair bulb- has blood and nerves
shaft: extend through epidermis
What is hair made up of
dead epidermal cells, converted to keratin: gives hair stronger texture compared to skin
What is found at end of each hair follicle
sebaceous gland: help hydrate hair with oil
what is each hair follicle connected to
arrector pili muscle: smooth muscle contracts when body is cold or experiences emotional response
Where are hair follicles found
skin surface and susceptible to circulating hormone
ex: armpit, groin, head: change after puberty
What is the composition of nails
dead epidermal cells converted to keratin
Where are new nail cells converted
@ nail root and pushed toward external surface in nail body
What is the nail body
visible portion of nail
covers epidermis region called nail bed
What is the nail root
not visible: stratum corneum of epidermis extend from nail root covering visible portion of nail: called cuticle
What is lunula
visible portion of nail bed near nail root
typically present shaped: easiest to see is thumb
What is the smallest unit of life
cell
What is it called when groups of cells come togeher
tissue
What are tissues
comprised of cells similar in structure and function
What are the 2 main properties of tissues
cells and matrix( extracellular material)
What is in matrix
extracellular fluid, protein and collagen
What needs to be repaired if skin is damaged
tissue and matrix
What structures are involved in tissue repair
blood platelets, mast cells, macrophage, fibroblasts
How are blood platelets involved with tissue repair
platelets from broken vessel accumulate in area where tissue damaged and forms clot: secrete substance to prevent blood loss- mesh like
How are mast cells involved in tissue repair
release histamine: dilate blood vessels to bring increased blood and nutrients to injured area
help initiate local inflammatory response
How are Macrophage involved in tissue repair
engulf and destroy disease causing pathogen
once dead and foreign cell gone, body replaces damaged cells
How are fibroblasts involved in tissue repair
help secrete new collagen in shape of old tissue
What is the final phase of tissue repair
remodeling: tissue matures, cells take on original function
if wound is deep what forms
scar= overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue: can’t be fully replaced
some original function of tissue lost
Describe a 1rst degree burn
superficial: only damage epidermis
Sx: dry, red, painful, w/o blisters
ex: mild sunburn
Describe 2nd degree burn
Partial thickness: damage epidermis and part of dermis
burn turns red and forms blisters become painful and swollen
Describe 3rd degree burn
full thickness burn: damage epidermis, dermis and possible subcutaneous
injured skin looks white “charred”
extremely painful
Describe 4th degree burn
damage to epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous, underlying tissue/muscle or bone
nerve end destroyed: no sensation in affected area
What is a skin graft
used to help heal tissue if skin is too severely damaged or burn covers large surface area
take healthy skin from own body and grafted on top damaged area
How does a skin graft aid in healing
decrease recovery time and prevent infection
