Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > module 6 endocrine system > Flashcards

module 6 endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Which system works closely with the endocrine and coordinates various activities of the body

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In nervous what do neurons release that influence excitability of other neuron

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does endocrine system interact with the rest of the body

A

hormones released into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does the nervous system act faster than endocrine

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What allows cells to react to hormones

A

have specific receptors

“lock and key”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hormone

A

organic chemical produced by 1 set of cells affect different set of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some characteristics of hormones

A

chemical messenger influence metabolism of recipiant
have specific organ/action
proteins coded for by gene and synthesized within cytoplasm at ribosome
eventually packaged into vesicles at golgi apparatus and secreted @ plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 categories of hormones

A

peptide

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a peptide hormone and function

A

derived from protein, peptides, catecholamines
activate existing enzymes in cell
react quickly for short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a steroid hormone and function

A

derived from cholesterol by series of metabolic reaction
act more slowly
stored in fat-> until released in plasma membrane
enter cell and nucleus freely instead of needing to interact w/cell- surface receptor
once in nucleus, steroid hormone binds with receptor-> hormone receptor complex-> activate gene lead to protein synthesis
has more sustained affect on cell because of new protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are hormones secreted by

A

glands:
endocrine( ductless, secrete contents into blood stream for distribution)
exocrine( have ducts, secrete contents into epithelial surface: salivary-> secrete amylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a primary endocrine organ

A

secretes hormones chemically to regulate body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the primary endocrine organs

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which 3 primary endocrine organs are found in the brain

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where can the adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas be found

A

adrenals: lie superior to each kidney
thyroid: attach to trachea below larynx
parathyroid: imbedded into surface of thyroid
pancreas: long organ lie transversely in abdomen between kidneys and duodenum of sm. intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of secondary endocrine organs and what is included

A

secrete hormone as secondary function

includes: heart, gonads, thymus( lobular in upper thorax)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the negative feedback system

A

controls most hormones
the way for the body to maintain homeostasis
has specific set point: thermostat
once body detect sufficient hormone turns off that specific hormone production, if low levels increases or turn on hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the positive feedback system

A

increases amount of hormone regulated
example: oxytocin: causes uterus to contract and as uterus contracts more oxytocin is produced increasing contractions until baby born and uterus stop contracting which then stops the production of oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulate internal environment and homeostasis

controls: HR, body temp, H20 balance, glandular secretion of pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the pituitary gland lie and how many sections

A

lie just below hypothalamus

2 sections: anterior and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is structure and function of posterior pituitary

A

connected to hypothalamus by stalk like structures

stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are neurosecretory neurons

A

neurons in hypothalamus that respond to neurotransmitters and produce hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of ADH and Oxytocin

A

ADH( Antidiuretic hormone)- promote reabsorption of H20 from ducts which receive urine
Oxytocin: increases contractions of uterus for childbirth: can be given artificially to induce labor: stimulate release of milk from mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is function of anterior pituitary gland

A

secretes following hormones: GH, Prolactin, MSH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the Growth Hormone( GH)

A

“Somatropic” hormone: affect physical appearance: ht and wt and bone structure
cause cell growth, division, protein sythesis
impact change on skeletal muscle, liver, bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does GH influence bones

A

promote growth of cartilaginous plate- cause osteoblast to form new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is it called when there is too much GH in childhood and too little

A

too little: pituitary dwarf

too much: pituitary giant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is acromeatly

A

overproduction of GH in adults

specifically seen in feet, hands, face( chin, nose and eyebrows)

29
Q

what is the function of prolactin

A

produced only during pregnancy/childbirth nursing
cause mammary gland in breast to develop and produce milk
plays role in carb and fat metabolism

30
Q

What is function Melanocyte stimulating hormone( MSH)

A

stimulate malanocytes ( skin) to increase synthesis of melanin

31
Q

what is melanin

A

dark pigment release when exposed to sun

32
Q

What is function of Thyroid stimulating hormone( TSH)

A

stimulate thyroid to produce T3 and T4

33
Q

What is function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone( ACTH)

A

stimulate adrenals to produce cortisol

34
Q

What is function of Gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH

A

stimulate gonads: testes and ovaries

35
Q

What does TSH stimulate thyroid to produce

A

Thyroxin: T4

36
Q

What do both T3 and T4 contain

A

Iodine

37
Q

How is iodine transported

A

actively into thyroid- reach concentration of 25x greater than in blood

38
Q

What is Goiter

A

enlarged thyroid- lack of iodine
low levels of thyroxin in blood, anterior pituitary cont to produce TSH-> increased thyroid in size which is ineffective because active thyroxin can’t be produced without enough iodine

39
Q

What is the function of thryoxin

A

increased metabolic rate in cells-> Increased O2, # of respiratory enzymes

40
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism

A

individuals who have had decreased thyroid- hypothyroidism

41
Q

What are symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism

A

reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity, abnormal protein metabolism- lead to intellectual disability

42
Q

What other hormone does thyroid produce

A

calcitonin: decreases levels of calcium in blood and deposit Ca into bone; opposes action of parathyroid hormone

43
Q

What is function of parathyroid gland

A

produce parathyroid hormone( PTH)

44
Q

What is the interaction between PTH and Ca

A

PTH increase CA level in blood and decrease P

When appropriate Ca level reach parathyroid stop production through negative feedback

45
Q

What are the actions that increase Ca

A

PTH cause increased Ca absorption from intestine
retain Ca through excrete P @ kidneys
in bones: promote osteoclasts: demineralize bone-> increase Ca in blood

46
Q

What happens if PTH not produced in response to decrease Ca

A

Tetany- body shakes from continuous muscle contraction
Ca plays a role in nervous conduction and muscle contraction
Decreased blood Ca cause increased excitability of nerves: fire spontaneously w/o rest

47
Q

What are the inner and outer portions of the adrenal glands called and which can be removed

A

inner: medulla- can be removed
outer: cortex- essential to life

48
Q

What is the function of adrenal medulla

A

secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood stream under stress
response: fight/flight
Increases blood glucose, metabolic rate, increased Breath and HR
blood vessel in intestine constrict, muscles dilate-> more dilate-more stamina

49
Q

Which hormone is used to stimulate a patient in cardiac arrest

A

epinephrine

50
Q

What is function of adrenal cortex

A

secrete 2 classe of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid
secrete sm. amount male sex hormone, very small female sex hormone

51
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids

A

most active is cortisol: under control by ACTH
promote hydrolysis protein( muscle) to amino acids that enter blood stream-> lead to increase level of glucose
favors fatty acid metabolism than carbs
in opposition to insulin, cortisol increase blood sugar
counteract inflammatory response

52
Q

What is the function of minercorticoids

A 
most active aldosterone: not under ACTH control
regulate Na and K+ ion in blood
primary target is kidney
promotes: renal absorption of Na
promotes renal excrete K+
53
Q

What is important to maintenance of BP and indirectly regulate secretion of aldosterone

A

Na

54
Q

Where is pineal gland found

A

3rd ventricle of the brain

55
Q

What is function of pineal gland

A

produce melatonin: @ night

receives nerve impulse from eyes by optic tract

56
Q

what makes the circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland and melatonin
person grow sleepy melatonin is high at night
awake in am when daylight and melatonin is low
shift worker and travel disrupt circadian rhythm

57
Q

What are 2 types of tissue in the pancreas

A

exocrine: produce and secrete digestive juices by duct into small intestine
endocrine: panreacti islet of langerhan: produce and secrete hormone: insulin and glucagon into blood

58
Q

When is insulin secreted and by what

A

beta cells; when increased blood glucose level: after meal

59
Q

What are functions of insulin

A

1.stimulate liver, fat and muscle to take and metabolic glucose
2. stimulate liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen
3. promote buildup of fate and protein: inhibit their use as energy source
promotes storage of nutrients on hand during time of decreased blood glucose

60
Q

What is glucagon

A

secreted from pancreas by alpha cells
between eating: effects are opposite to insulin
stimulate breakdown of nutrients and cause blood glucose to rise

61
Q

what is function of kidney

A

produce erythropoietin- acts on bone marrow to increase release RBC to blood
w/o RBC patient has anemia

62
Q

What are the organs of female and male gonads: primary

A

male: testes in scrotum: produce androgens: testosterone
female: ovaries in abdominal cavity: produce estrogen and progesterone

63
Q

What is function of testosterone

A

essential normal development and function of sex organ in males
sperm production
stimulate growth of penis and testes
cause growth of hard, beard, puberty, change voice
muscle strength
cause oil and sweat glands to secrete- body odor/acne
influence sex drive

64
Q

What is function of FSH and LH

A

FSH: cause follicle on ovary to mature before ovulation-> increased estrogen production
LH: cause ovulation-> cause progesterone release to help potential fertilization of the egg and pregnancy

65
Q

what is key to maintain pregnancy

A

progesterone

66
Q

What is function of estrogen

A

stimulate growth uterus and vagina
necessary for egg maturation
secondary sex characteristic: body hair, fat distribution, breast development, regulate uterine cycle

67
Q

Do both female and males produce all hormones

A

yes: varying degrees of each
males have higher testosterone
adrenals responsible for production of hormones

68
Q

What is structure and function of thymus

A

lg size: most active in childhood
w/age organ gets smaller and fatty
produces thymosin which aids development of T-cells which aid immunes system.

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions