Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1: cells > Flashcards

Module 1: cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define a cell

A

basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cell theory

A

basic units of living organization and function in all organisms and all cells come from other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define plasma membrane function

A

surrounds cell: contains pump and gate: regulate passage of material in/out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic: no nucleus: simple

  1. ) small then eukaryotic cells: visible with light scope
  2. ) DNA is not enclosed in nuclear membrane
  3. ) Doesn’t contain many of internal membrane bound organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does metabolic process occur in prokaryotic cells

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do ribosomes do in prokaryotic cells

A

synthesize protein composed of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Endospore

A

durable cell that can lie dormant: often released by bacteria under adverse conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A 
10-100x larger than prokaryotic
have nuclear membrane and nucleus
have membrane bound organelles
nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope 
Nucleus contains DNA and control center of cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define chromosome

A

packaged and organized form of DNA in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Gene

A

material that determines which proteins synthesized in ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is mRNA and what is its function

A

messenger RNA

transfer DNA to ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is rRNA and its function

A

ribosomal RNA: takes and transfers ribosomes: synthesized in nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a ribosome and its function

A

looks like small granule: contain rRNA and enzyme to form protein from amino acid
tiny plant cell assemble protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum( ER)

A

maze of tightly packed sac like structure that forms compartments in cytoplasm-
changes when ribosomes are present
extension of outer membrane of nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is SER and RER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum
“rough” because ribosome are present
“smooth” synthesizes lipids
Both have enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytoplasm( cytosol) define

A

fluid portion of nucleus and all organelles outside of nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Golgi Complex

A

an organelle made up of a stack of flattened cisterna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is function of Gogi Complex

A

responsible for receiving lipid and protein synthesized by ER, alter the structure and ships to other parts of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define a Lysosome and its function

A

small sac of digestive enzyme produced by golgi complex
breaks down biomacromolecules that originate outside/insdie of cell: protein, lipid, carb, nucleic acid
Once broken into building blocks-> molecules made into new biomacromolecules
also can fuse with other vesicle containing harmful bacteria and destroy its componenets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Tay-Sachs

A

genetic condition in which the digestive enzyme is lacking inside lysosome causing a buildup of lipid in the brain
if left untreated can cause intellectual disability or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are mitochondria

A

organelle responsible for converting chemical energy from food into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate: fuel for most cellular chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen is required to break down food
CO2, H20 and ATP are produced
further process of breaking down food into ATP to be used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers provide structural support and movement in cell

25
Q

What is inter membrane space

A

between inner/outer membrane: has many folds which increase surface area, allowing ample room for chemical reaction to transfer energy in food to ATP

26
Q

What are microtubules

A

Microtubules: hollow cylinder: move chromosome in cell division instruct cilia and flagella to project from cells

27
Q

What are cilia

A

short, many found in humans along respiratory passageway for trapping and moving debris

28
Q

What are flagella

A

long whip like structure: typically found on sperm

29
Q

What is a centriole

A

9 sets of 3 attached tubules arranged to form a hollow center- similar to flagella

30
Q

What are microfilaments

A

flexible, solid fibers made of 2 intertwine polymer chains of actin molecules: has 2 daughter cells: myosin and actin: cause muscle contraction

31
Q

What is a cell coat

A

made up of polysaccharide side chains, project out of protein, lipid which equal cell membrane

32
Q

do plant and animal cells have a cell wall

A

yes and contain cellulose

33
Q

Do bacteria cell walls have cellulose

A

no- they have peptidoglycan

34
Q

What is a light microscope

A

compound: has several lenses- light must pass through the speciman

35
Q

What is a electron microscope

A

microscope magnifies 250,000x resolution of 10,000x of human eye

36
Q

transmission microscope

A

specimen cut into thin sections- each passed under electron bean forms image on photographic plate or fluorescent screen

37
Q

Scanning microscope

A

produces 3D picture

38
Q

What is phospholipid bilayer

A

2 component: lipid and protein

39
Q

what is structure and function of lipid bilayer

A

amphipathic layer with polar( hydrophilic head) and hydrophobic tail
heads face out because attracted to H20
tails are fluid motion: allow lipid to rotate and move

40
Q

What is cholesterol

A

stabilizer against heat and cold

41
Q

What are different proteins within phospholipid bilayer

A

integral: span across lipid bilayer
peripheral: located on outer/inner surface of membrane

42
Q

What is selective permeability

A

allow select materials to pass through membrane only going one way
nutrient go in/ waste goes out

43
Q

what are the 3 methods for crossing selective permeable membrane

A

diffusion, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

44
Q

What is diffusion

A

small particle move from area of large concentration to small concentration
flow continues until evenly distributed
occurs naturally when particle collide: also named passive transport( perfume)

45
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration of a substance from one place to another

46
Q

What is osmosis

A

diffusion of water: 3 terms for relationship between water and solute solution: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

47
Q

What is isotonic

A

equal amount of solute on either side membrane

48
Q

what is hypotonic

A

solute outside of cell is less than inside: water is higher outside of cell-> causes water to move inward-> increases size of cell

49
Q

What is hypertonic

A

solute outside of cell is more than inside: water is lower inside of cell than outside-> movement of water naturally flow from greater concentration ( inside the cell) to lower outside

50
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion of lipid soluble molecule across a membrane- usually by integral proteins

51
Q

What is active transport

A

molecule pumped from area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
requires more energy as molecules don’t like to move this way

52
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump define

A

maintain electrical imbalance across the membrane
important in cell life
ions: because polar in nature need protein to chess membrane

53
Q

Function of Sodium Potassium Pump

A

ATP is needed as cells keep (Na+) to outside of cell after diffusing in
Phosphate from ATP bind to carrier protein-> change protein shape and enable Na+ to be released outside membrane
K+ actively returned to inside of cell after being diffused outside-> accomplished by K+ ion bind to carrier protein, change shape to origin
As shape changes: allows phosphate group and K+ ion released into cell
Active transport maintains gradient
Pump maintains electrical gradient across membrane which used to conduct nerve impulses

54
Q

What are biomacromolecules

A

ex: protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide- because of lg size can’t move across membrane

55
Q

What is exocytosis

A

process of biomacromolecule in vesicle fuses with cell membrane ejecting it from the cell: exos= going out

56
Q

What is endocytosis

A

process of biomacromolecule outside of cell in cell membrane forms vesicle in cell: endo=bring in:

57
Q

What are the 3 methods of endocytosis and describe each one

A

Phagocytosis: endocytosis of lg objects-> cell enclosed in vesicle, fuses with lysosome inside cell and digested
Pinocytosis: endocytosis of tiny drops of fluid-> like phagocytosis-> cell membrane pinches inward w/o needing to use pseudopod to injest material
Receptor mediated endocytosis: proteins role in cell membrane: info is transferred from one cell to another

58
Q

How do proteins aid in receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Integral binds with ligand( signal protein)
Integral responsible for transfer
Ligand= changes shape and enzymes activated
Enzymes catalyze energy release from ATP which powers cell

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions