module 4 skeletal system Flashcards
What is the function of the skeletal system
protect vital organ
What is the skeletal system
network of bone held together by various joints
What does bone store
inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts
What are the 5 types of bone
long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid
What is a bone landmark
distinct marking for the bone such as ridge, groove or hole
What is the function of various bony landmarks
allow tendon to stretch, indicate where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone
What do terms foramen, canal, and fissure mean
opening in bone to allow nerves, blood spy to pass
What does sinus mean in the skeletal system
hollow chamber in bone: usually filled with air
What does the term process and ramps mean
elevation in bone
What are trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, spine
processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachments
What does head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet mean
processes designed for articulate with adjunct bones
What does fossa and sulcus mean
depression in bone
What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system
axial and appendicular
Where does axial division lie and what is in this division
lies on midline of body
consists of skull, vertebral column, laryngeal skeleton and thoracic rib cage
How many bones make up the skull
22
8 in cranium and 14 in facial
What are fontanelles
soft softs in newborns where the cranium bones have not fused together yet
What are the names of the bones in the cranium and describe them
frontal- 1 bone
parietal: 2- on each side
occipital-1 forms base of skull- contain foramen magnum
temporal bone- lead to middle ear
sphenoid bone- complete side of skull: contribute to floor and wall of eye socket
Ethmoid bone- lie in sphenoid: part orbital wall and nasal septum
Describe the sinuses
airspace lined by mucous membrane
reduce weight of skull and give resonant sound to voice
What are mastoid sinuses
2 sinuses that drain into middle ear
What can mastoiditis lead to
deafness from inflammation of mastoid sinuses
What is sinusitis
sinus infection: occur when soft tissue in sinuses become inflamed from virus, allergy, bacteria
What is foramina
allow passage for blood vessels, nerves and spinal cord
what is foramen magnum
allow spinal cord to pass into skull
what is carotid canal
opening of temporal bone for internal carotid artery
what is external acoustic meatus
transmission of sound in temporal bone
what is the mandible
facial bone: lower jaw: only moveable part, non- paired bone
describe maxilla
upper jaw, facial bone, form anterior portion hard palate, contain infraorbital foramen
describe zygomatic bone
cheek bones
describe nasal bones
bridge of nose
describe palatine bones
posterior portion of hard palate and floor of nasal cavity
describe lacrimal bone
lie between ethmoid bone and maxillary bone
describe vomer
thin, flat, join with perpendicular plate of ethmoid to form nasal septum- with mandible is non-paired bone
describe inferior nasal conchae
located inferior to middle conchae
what is middle and superior nasal conchae
formed from groove of ethmoid bone
swirls air as breath to warm and humidify before entering lower respiratory system
What is the vertebral column
extend skull to pelvis
has 4 curvature- provides resistance and strength
vertebrae in cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx
What are spinous processes
located dorsal side of vertebrae and palpated along midline of neck and back
where is the most surface area of the vertebral column
anterior portion
What are articular facets
allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other
Describe cervical vertebrae
long spinous process: with bifid tip that split into 2 part
bodies are small
vertebral foramen are large
transverse process: transverse foramen for pass arteries and veins
Describe thoracic vertebrae
long thin spinous process does not split
spinous points inferiorly
vertebral bodies medium sized
contain facet for rib articulation
transverse process has costal facet for rib articulation
T11-T12 don’t have facet for rib articulation
Describe Lumbar Vertebrae
shorter spinous process broader and points posteriorly
vertebral body of lumbar spine are largest to support with of head, neck, trunk and upper limb
transverse process: shorter- no costal facet
vertebral foramen: smallest and triangle shaped
Describe Sacrum
5 fused bones @ base of spine
base is widest and articulate with L5
Describe Coccyx
4-5 fused vertebrae- fused about age 25
sacrum and coccyx= attach site for many ligament and tendon
what is key for pelvic stability
anchoring of sacrum, coccyx and ligaments to pelvis
Where do all 12 pairs of ribs connect
posterior thoracic vertebrae
What are ribs 1-7 called and where do they connect
true ribs
connect to sternum directly
What are ribs 8-10 called and where do they connect
false ribs
connect to sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage
What are ribs 11-12 called and where do they connect
floating ribs
only connect posterior thoracic vertebrae no the sternum
What are the 3 parts of the sternum
manubrim
body
xiphoid process
What is included in appendicular skeleton
bones in pectoral and pelvic girdle attached to limbs
what is the pectoral girdle
shoulder and upper limbs
special for flexibility, and increased ROM
what is the pelvic girdle
pelvic bones and lower limb special for strength
What makes up the pectoral girdle
shoulder: 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
Where does clavicle connect
connect with sternum anteriorly
connect with scapula posteriorly
What is the scapula
freely movable, held in place by muscles and ligaments
What are specific landmarks of posterior scapula
supraspinatus fossa, infraspinatus fossa, scapular spine
what is acromion process
projection from scapular spine- connects to clavicle anteriorly
can be seen anteriorly and posteriorly
What are specific landmarks of neck of scapula
lateral side of scapula
contain glenoid cavity- head of humerus articulates with scapula
what is located anterior side of scapula
sub scapular fossa
what is coracoid process
project anteriorly from scapula allows for muscle attachments
Describe the humerus
single long bone in upper arm
smooth round head
fits in socket of scapula and glenoid cavity
held to glenoid cavity by rotator cuff muscles
Why is glenohumeral joint prone to dislocation
held in place primarily by muscular and ligament attachments with little bony stability
what is a dislocation of a joint
bone removed from socket
What are other bony landmarks of humerus
head, neck, shaft, capitulum, trochlea
Where does capitulum articulate
small portion of radius
Where does trochlea articulate
with ulna
Where can medial epicondyle be palpated
medial side of elbow
Where can lateral epicondyle be palpated
lateral side of arm at the elbow
What are the radius and ulna
bones of forearm
meet at distal end of humerus at elbow
What is olecranon be found and palpated
prominent bone of ulna palpated posteriorly
Describe pronation
palm next to body after being in anatomical position and facing forward
radius cross in from to ulnta
how many bones of the hands and what are they
8
carpals
What are names of proximal carpal bones lateral to medial
scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
what are names of distal carpal bones lateral to medial
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
How many metacarpal in the hand
5
1rst is thumb and 5th is pinky
what are phalanges
bones of fingers and thumb
thumb has 2 phalange: distal and proximal
digits have 3: distal, middle and proximal
what makes up the pelvic girdle
2 lg heavy coxal bones
anchored to sacrum posteriorly by ligaments
a single coxal bone is called innominte( ossa coxa)
How many bones are fused to make each coxal bone and how named
- ilium- most superior portion- palpated lateral side of hip
- ischium- located posterioly- sit bones
- pubis- center anterior- connected by pubs symphysis
What is ASIS and where located
landmark: anterior superior iliac spine
anterior portion of ilium
What is the major difference between male and female pelvic girdle
pubic arch wider in female than male
pubic brim shaped like circle in male, oval in female
allows for women to have a child
What are the bones of the lower extremity
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, bones of the foot
Describe the femur
largest and longest bone in the body
head of femur articulates with pelvic girdle at acetabulum: hip joint
Where does patella sit
anterior to femur
knee cap
Which 2 bones make the lower leg
tibia and fibula
tibia is larger and medial connect to medial malleolus- have anterior ridge
fibula is smaller and connect to lateral malleolus
How many bones in the ankle and what are they called
7
tarsals
What are the names of the 7 tarsal bones
medial, intermediate and lateral cuniform
navicular, cuboid, talus and calcaneous
what are the 5 metatarsals
span the distance from tarsal bones to phalanges
have longitudinal arch from heel to toe
transverse arch goes across foot
provide stable base for foot
What causes flat feet
weakening of tissue that bind metarsalas
often seen with ankle sprains
plantar faschitits
What are phalanges of foot
bones of toes
great toe= hallux- like thumb only 2 parts distal and proximal
metatarsal 2-5 all have 3 phalanx- distal, middle and proximal
what is typical long bone cavity filled with and what is cavity called that houses it
marrow
medullary cavity
What are 2 types of marrow in long bone
yellow: fat storage tissue in long bone
red: short and flat bones- produce RBC
What is diaphysis
center of long bone
What surrounds medullary cavity
spongy bone that is thickest at the end of the bone
What is compact bone
solid outer layer of bone
What is epiphysis
ends of long bone: proximal and distal
What is fount at joint articulations
articular cartilage- cushion joints enable to move freely
What is cartilage
connective tissue- matrix that is flexible and shock absorbing
What does compact bone contain
osteon- formally haversion system
in osteon are osteocytes: bone cells
bone cells are house in lacunae( chamber) arranged in circles around center canals
What is structure and function of center canals
contain blood vessels and nerves
blood vessels bring nutrients allow bone to renew itself
lacunae separated by matrix contain protein fiber of collagen and mineral deposi- calcium and phosphorus
Describe spongy bone
contain numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces
lighter than compact bone designed for strength
follow lines of stress to support body
what are osteoclasts
bone absorbing cells
break down, remove worn cell, deposit calcium in blood
what are osteoblasts
repair destructive work of osteoclasts
as form new bone, osteoblast take calcium from blood
cells eventually get caught in matrix and convert to osteocytes- found in lucuande of osteon
define remodeling
old bone tissue replaced by new bone tissue
thickness of bone changes with remodeling
physical use and hormones affect thickness
adult and children require calcium to support bone health
when is bone primarily cartilaginous
during prenatal development
what is ossification
cartilaginous model converts to bone
calcium salt deposit in matrix- first by precurose cartilaginous cells and later by osteoblasts
What is endochondral ossification
ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage
Describe endochondral ossification
begins at primary ossification center in middle of bone
once cells die, blood vessels penetrate bone to deliver osteoblasts- form medullary cavity
secondary centers from at ends of bone later
cartilaginous disk remain between primary ossification center and secondary center -
what is the cartilaginous disk in-between primary ossification center and secondary center
commonly known as growth plate
can increase in length
rate of growth affected by growth hormone and sex hormones
by puberty disk completely ossified and bone stops growth
full height of adult happens
What is intramembranous ossification
ossification of flat bone from connective tissue
Describe intramembranous ossification
flat bone formation begins with mesenchymal cells
differentiale into osteoblast at points within connective tissue of embryo
osteoblasts begin to secrete bone tissue
once enough bone tissue secreted, osteoblasts develop to osteocytes
What are the 5 types of fractures
closed-simple: bone break remains in skin
open-compound: bone break, part of bone shaft break out of skin
greenstick: bone bend and break- not all the way across- common in kids
communited: bone breaks into more than 2 segments: typically repaired surgically
impacted: one end of broken bone is pushed inside other part of bone
Define Rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened
degenerative changes take place- makes joint immovable and painful
Define osteoarthritis
articular cartilage at bone ends disintegrate
2 bones of joint- rough and irregular painful to move joint
what is osteoporosis
bone tissue disease
bone tissue degenerate faster than replaced
bones become weak
brittle bone cause pain and are more likely to fracture
How are joints classified
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Describe fibrous joints
immovable
between cranial bones
Describe cartilaginous joints
found between vertebrae: slightly movable
separated by discs- increase flexibility
pelvic bones: slightly movable because anteriorly joined by fibrous cartilage: public symphysis- become more flexible late in pregnancy for childbirth
Describe synovial joints
most joints movable
bones separated by joint cavity
What are ligaments
composed of fibrous connective tissue
bind bone together
hold bone in place as form a joint capsule
What is synovial fluid
lubricant for joint
secreted by synovial membrane
What are different types of synovial joint
hinge: knee and elbow: move 1 direction
ball and socket: move in all direction/plane- hip and shoulder
saddle: thumb: allow thumb to freely cross over palm
pivot: rotational movement: cervical spine C1 and C2
What are the ligaments in the shoulder joint
acromioclavicular sternoclavicular coraclavicular capsular coracohumeral
What structures make up rotator cuff
supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis function to limit movement of shoulder jt so head of humerus is stable in jt
What does acromioclavicular articulate
connect clavicle to manubrim of sternum anteriorly and to acromion process of scapula posterioly
what does sternoclavicular connect
joints sternum with clavicle
what does coraclavicular ligament connect
join process of coracoid of scapula to clavicle
what does coracromipal ligament connect
join coracoid of scapula to acromion process
what does capsular ligament connect
surround head of humerus
anchors to scapula
what does coracohumeral ligament connect
head of humerus to coracoid process of scapula
In hip joint: what creates ball and socket
head of femur articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
What are the ligaments of hip joint posteriorly
posterioly held to sacrum by iliolumbar, anterior sacroiliac, posterior sacrioiliac
What does ilioinguinal ligament connect
hold ASIS of ilium to pubic bone
What does ilifemoral ligament connect
attach femur to ilium
what does uterosacral ligament connect
connect sacrum to each side of uterus in female
What are key notes regarding knee joint
bone ends covered in cartilage
menisci- add stability to femur to articulate with tibia
What are the ligaments of the knee
patellar: anterior medial collateral : MCL lateral collateral: LCL anterior cruciate: ACL posterior cruciate: PCL
How many bursae in knee joint
13 function to ease friction between tendons, ligaments and bone
what is bursitis
inflammation of bursae
What are the ligaments of the spine
anterior longitudinal: connect anterior vertebral bodies
posterior longitudinal: connect posterior vertebral bodies
interspinous ligament: connect spinous process at adjacent vertebrae
supraspinous: connect posterior portion of spinous process
Describe intervetebral discs
act as padding
prevent vertebrae from grinding against each other
absorb shock w/running, jump and walk
weaken with age could slip/rupture
what is a herniated disc
posterior longitudinal ligament weakens, center of portion of disc bulges into vertebral foramen
pain when disc presses against nerve and spinal cord
may heal over time or surgical removal
for surgery: fuse vertebral: limits mobility
PT is a good option to strengthen muscles of the spine
