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Anatomy and Physiology > module 3 digestive system > Flashcards

module 3 digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main groups of the digestive system

A 
alimentary canal( GI tract)
accessory
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2
Q

What is composed of the alimentary canal( GI tract)

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

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3
Q

What is included in accessory digestion tract

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas

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4
Q

Describe the anatomy of the mouth and function

A

beginning of digestive tract
lips form opening; tongue forms the floor, cheeks form the wall, hard and soft palate form the root, uvula forms posterior border

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5
Q

Describe the tongue

A

muscle: attaches to hyoid bone, mandible and lingual frenulum
works to move food around and move bolus back toward pharynx for swallowing
apex- anterior portion
root- posterior portion

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6
Q

What is the lingual frenulum

A

vertical mucous membrane attaches body of tongue to floor of mouth

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7
Q

What is mastication

A

act of chewing food by teeth, food is mixed with saliva and enzymes

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8
Q

what is amylase

A

only enzyme that begins chemical digestion in the mouth for carbohydrates

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9
Q

How many teeth are there

A

32

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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of teeth

A 
upper teeth located in maxilla
lower teeth in mandible
root- alveolar process of jaw bone
neck- 1 portion of gum( gingiva)
crown- visible portion- lie above gum line
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11
Q

What is the pulp cavity

A

contains nerves and blood vessels

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of human teeth

A

incisor(2)- bite
canine(1)- tear
pre-molar(2)- grinding
molar(3)- crushing

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13
Q

What is enamel

A

hard connective tissue located on surface of crown- protects teeth

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14
Q

What are papillae

A

raised bumps on tongue

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of papillae

A

circumvallate, fungiform, filiform

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16
Q

Which 2 types of papillae contain taste buds

A

circumvallate and fungiform

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17
Q

What is a taste bud

A

chemical receptor stimulated by chemical compositor of food, found on tongue surface, mouth and wall of pharaynx

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18
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharanx and which allow air/food/water to pass through

A

nasopharynx- air only
oropharynx- air, food, drink
laryngopharanx- air, food, drink

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of skeletal muscle and their function in the pharaynx

A

circumferential and innter longitudinal

contract to cause peristalsis squeeze food into esophagus

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20
Q

What prevents food from entering laraynx

A

the epiglottis

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21
Q

what is aspiration

A

food and liquid enter lung and could cause phneumonia

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22
Q

what is the esophagus

A

extends from pharynx to stomach through opening in diaphragm

muscular tube: 4 levels of tissue

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23
Q

What are the 4 layers of tissue in the esophagus

A
  1. innermost: mucosa- secretes mucous into interior of GI
  2. submucousa- contains blood, lymph vessel, lymph node, nerve and mucous gland
  3. muscularis externa- 2 layer of muscle- outer longitudinal and inner circumferential
  4. outermost is serosa- cells make serous fluid
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24
Q

Describe the function of the stomach

A

food enters via cardiac sphincter/ LES( lower esophageal sphincter)
food exit pyloric sphincter into small intestine

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25
Q

Describe anatomy of stomach

A 
backward C shaped organ
located L side of abdomen below diaphram
2 curvature: concave- lesser; convex- greater
has 4 parts
serous membrane peritoneum covers
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26
Q

What is the serous membrane covering stomach called

A
  1. lesser omentum: attach lesser curvature to posterior wall

2. greater omentum: attacher greater curvature to anterior surface of small intestine

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27
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter: food enter from esophagus
fundus: dome top of stomach under diaphram
body: wide mid portion between fundus and fourth part of stomach
pyloric region: funnel shaped- leads food to small intestine

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28
Q

What are the 2 main purposes of the stomach

A

temporary storage for food- up to 2 L of partially digested food
Mechanical food breakdown- utilizes additional layer of tissue: muscularis externa

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29
Q

What does the musclaris eterna do( oblique layer)

A

allow stomach to mix food efficiently with gastric juices- breaks down food into small pieces for digestion and later absorption

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30
Q

What are ruggae

A

folds in stomach wall- allow stomach to expand when it is full

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31
Q

What is a primary protective mechanism for the walls of the stomach and intestines

A

a thick mucous layer

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32
Q

What can develop if gastric juices breakdown the gastric lining of stomach and intestine

A

ulcer

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33
Q

What can cause ulcers

A

H. Pylori: bacterial infection, overuse of NSAID

once a hole develops- gastric juice enter and area in abdomen and cause bleeding/damage to other organs

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34
Q

what is chyme

A

contents of stomach: usually thick and soupy

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35
Q

Describe the pyloric sphinctoer

A

base of stomach and has a valve in it
relaxation of valve cause small quantity of chyme to pass through opening into duodenum
after chyme enters, sets of reflex cause muscle to contract and close opening temporarily
then open again to allow more chyme
slow process- allows for thorough digestion

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36
Q

Describe the small intestine

A

coiled tube 20 ft long and runs from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve- entry to colon
longest part of the GI tract
Has 3 sections

37
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum: shortest section: enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver enter here
jejunum
ileum: slightly longer than jejunum

38
Q

What increases the surface area allow for better digestion

A

circular folds which have villi

surface area is increased to 1800 square feet

39
Q

what are villi

A

finger like projections that have small projection called microvilli

40
Q

How is the small intestine specialized for absorption

A

molecules are absorbed by villi that line the wall
each villus contain blood vessel and lymphatic vessel called lacteal
sugar and amino acid villi cells- absorbed through capillary bed in villi
nutrients carried to hepatic portion circulate before entering general blood supply
molecules too lg enter blood capillaries transport in lacteal
epithelium cells of villi produce intestinal enzyme- remain attached to plasma membrane of microvilli
enzymes complete digest of sugars and amino acids

41
Q

What is the tract for the Lg intestine( colon)

A

travels from ileocecal valve to anus

muscle contraction moves chyme through colon to be excreted as feces

42
Q

What are the 8 parts of the colon

A
  1. )cecum: entrance to lg intestine through ilieocecal valve
  2. )appendix: hang from cecum- is twisted
  3. )ascending colon: run on R side of abdomen superiorly
  4. )transverse colon: begins after 90 degree turn at R hepatic flexure and runs across abdomen
  5. ) descending colon: begins after 90 degree of L splenic flexure: run along L side abdomen superiorlyy to sigmoid
  6. ) sigmoid: travel through pelvis connects to rectum
  7. ) rectum: connects anal canal: last 20 cm of lg intestine
  8. ) anus: feces expelled- end of GI tract
43
Q

what is appendicitis’s

A

bacteria causes inflammation and pain in appendix

usually results in appendectomy

44
Q

What does the involuntary smooth muscle of internal sphincter and voluntary sphincter do for colon

A

together open and close during defecation to get rid of waste

45
Q

What is the major function of lg intestine

A

propel waste from body

reabsorb water and electrolytes

46
Q

How much water is used in fecal matter and how much is absorbed and released

A

1.5 L of water enter because of food and drink
8.5 L/day enter GI tract carry enzyme secreted by digestive glands
95% water absorbed in small intestine
feces: 75% water, 25% solid matter,

47
Q

What is the make up of fecal matter

A

1/3 of matter= intestinal bacteria

remained: undigested plant, fat, waste, dead cell, mucous, inorganic materials

48
Q

What happens when water passes too quickly through digestive system

A

results in diarrhea
if too slow- constipation
extreme diarrhea= loss of vitamins B, D, and results in loss of electrolytes and increases dehydration

49
Q

What are the 3 important organs of accessory digestive system

A

liver
pancreas
gallbladder

50
Q

What is structure and function of pancreas

A

lies deep in abdominal wall
sends pancreatic juice in duodenum via pancreatic duct
pancreatic juice contain sodium bicarbonate- neutralize chyme

51
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes and their functions

A

amylase: digest starch to maltose
trypsin: digest protein to peptides
lipase: digest fats to glycerol and fatty acid
travel in pancreatic duct to hepatic pancreatic ampulla in duodenum
what percent of pancreas function is digestive: 99%

52
Q

What are the 3 important functions of the liver

A
  1. produce bile:
  2. store glucose as glycogen
  3. produces urea from amino groups removed from excess amino acids
53
Q

What is bile and where is it stored

A

stored in gallbladder
emulsify fat
sent to duodenum by common bile duct
looks green as pigments product of hemoglobin
contains bile salt- emulsify agent break up fat to mix with water- therefore acting on enzymes easily

54
Q

Why does liver store glucose as glycogen

A

has solid food source to keep homeostasis during periods in-between meals

55
Q

What are the 4 rolls in the physiology of digestive tract

A
  1. ingestion: food enter mouth
  2. digestion: food break down: 2 parts: mechanical and chemical
  3. absorption: move food digested into blood stream
  4. defecation: excretion of indigestible food form anus
56
Q

Describe process of digestion physiologically in mouth

A

Digestion begin in mouth: chemical saliva is released by salivary glands
Amylase in saliva begin break down of starch
Bolus swallowed by pharaynx- peristalsis move bolus along esophagus to stomach
no injection, digestion absorption, defecation take place in pharynx or esophagus

57
Q

Describe digestion physiologically in stomach

A

Hormone gastrin stimulate stomach to secrete gastric juice contain: pepsinogen, mucous and HCL
secrete HCL to activate pepsin
Pepsinogen: pre-enzyme secreted in stomach
HCL: convert inactive pepsinogen into active enzyme pepsin: break down pepsin
mucous: protect stomach lining from HCL and pepsinogen
peristalsis move food toward sm. intestine where pyloric sphincter control release chyme into duodenum

58
Q

Describe digestion physiologically in sm. intestine

A

digestion continue: absorption begin

pancreatic enzyme enter to cont. digest starch, protein and fat

59
Q

What is peptide

A

results in first step in protein digestion

digested by peptidases to amino acids

60
Q

What is maltose

A

digested by maltase to glucoses by 1rst step in starch digestion
other disaccharides digested in sm. intenstine

61
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain

A

amylase, trypsin, lipase
digest starch, protein and fat
sodium bicarbonate: neutralize acidic chyme

62
Q

which 2 hormones are stimulated to be secreted by chyme

A

cholecystokinin: cause gallbladder to secrete bile
secretin: cause liver to secrete bile

63
Q

What is key to know once food reach end of sm. intestine

A

digestion is complete and most of absorption of nutrients has happened into blood stream

64
Q

What happens physiologically after the sm. intestine.

A

food in lg intestine is compacted in to order to be defecated
water is absorbed to form feces
vitamin and ion absorbed
bacteria metabolize nutrients, produce vit K and B
feces travel to rectum where is defecated by anus

65
Q

what is hunger

A

internal drive to eat food

66
Q

what is satiety

A

sensation of being full

67
Q

what part of brain regulate hunger/satiety

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

what other factors contribute to feeling of satiety

A

stomach: as expands, receptors in stomach wall send signal to brain and desire to eat declince
hormones

69
Q

What hormones play a role in hunger

A

grenlin
endorphin
neuropeptide-y

70
Q

what hormones play a role in satiety

A

leptin
serotonin
cholecystokinin

71
Q

define ghrenlin

A

produced by stomach, stimulate hunger, deactivate satiety

72
Q

define leptin

A

produced by fat cells

altert brain turn hunger center- activate satiety

73
Q

What are 3 biochemical categories of food body needs

A

carb, fat, protein

74
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

starches and sugar
milk and fruit- sugar
grain and potato- starch

75
Q

What are lipids

A

3 categories: saturated, unsaturated, cholesterol

saturated: meat and cheese
unsaturated: nuts and seeds, olive oil
cholesterol: made by bodies, ingested in animal products

76
Q

What are proteins

A

amino acids

complete: meat, dairy, soybean
incomplete: grain, legume and seeds
essential: 9 of them- need to take in from environ. body can’t produce

77
Q

What are vitamins needed

A

organic compound not consumed metabolic reaction: help enzyme carry out metabolic reaction
water soluable- stored in body- excreted in urine
fat soluble- stored in body fat

78
Q

what are minerals needed

A

inorganic compounds- not used in metabolic reaction

79
Q

what are the 7 needed minerals

A

calcium, chloride, magnesium,phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

80
Q

define metabolism

A

chemical reaction in body to sustain life

81
Q

what is anabolism

A

smaller molecules are combined to build larger one

82
Q

what is catabolism

A

breakdown of larger structure into more simple

83
Q

What is ATP

A

energy in the cell

will donate a phosphate to become ADP

84
Q

How many ATP are produced with glucose metabolism

A

38
glycolysis: 2
cellular respiration: 2- krebs cycle
electron transport chain: 34

85
Q

what is glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate and H+

yield 2 atp

86
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

aerobic- in mitochondria
fermentation: no o2
Krebs cycle: unlock energy from pyruvate
produce 2 ATP and NADH, FADH2

87
Q

What is electron transport

A

continuation of cellular respiration
aerobic or anaerobic
at end is 34 ATP
proton motive force drives H+ back through ATP synthase complex

88
Q

Describe lipid metablism

A

beta oxidation in liver
lipids used in body during lower energy activity
yields 2x ATP than carbohydrates
fats broken down into acetic acid-> further catabolized by TCA to CO2
electron transport chain convert H+ atom to H2O-> released energy used to add phosphate to ADP->ATP

89
Q

Describe protein metabolism

A

takes place when carb and fat unavailable
profile block to cell used as last option
when used: amino group is removed to form ammonia
remained of molecule enter TCA to form CO2 and ATP; H+ converted to H2O-> releases energy converts ADP->ATP
ammonia is harmful to body and must be converted to different form
ammonia combined with CO2 in liver create urea-> then excreted as urine

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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