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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 2: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 2: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

study of organs and structure of human body visible to naked eye

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2
Q

What is primary organ in Respiratory system

A

lungs

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3
Q

How many lobes in R lung

A

3: superior, middle and inferior

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4
Q

How many lobes in L lung

A

2: superior and inferior

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5
Q

Why is there asymmetry in lobes

A

due to position of heart which is left of median plane

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6
Q

What is the “hilum”

A

root of lung: where pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter lung

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7
Q

What does healthy lung tissue look like

A

light pink/peach in color

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8
Q

Do both lungs have oblique fissures

A

yes: R has horizontal separating superior and middle lobe

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9
Q

What are plurae

A

membranes covers surface of lung and cavity around lung

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10
Q

What is visceral pleura

A

directly covers the lungs: membrane

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11
Q

What is parietal pleura

A

covers surfaces surrounding the lungs-> rib cage, diaphragm, mediasteinum

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12
Q

What is the pleural space

A

space formed between pleura: normally empty except for small amounts of fluid
when diseased will fill with air or lots of fluid

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13
Q

what is a key function of pleura

A

reduce friction and provide negative pressure in environment
need for lung inflation
also help to pull lungs open with chest wall during inhalation

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14
Q

What are 3 functions respiratory system performs

A

air conduction
air filtration
respiration exchange of gases

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15
Q

What are the structures involved in conducting system of respiratory system

A

nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles

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16
Q

What structures involved in filtration

A

nostrils: hair, cilia, mucous produce goblet cells

Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucous produce goblet cells

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17
Q

What structures are involved with respiratory portion of the system

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sac
alveli

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18
Q

How does air move through the system

A

enters into nasal cavity, goes through phalanx, larynx, trachea and bronchi, along this path it is filtered to be free of debris, warmed and humidified to be used

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19
Q

What are key notes about nasal cavities

A

composed of bone and cartilage

have L+R fosse separated by nasal septum

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20
Q

What is the vestibule in nasal cavities

A

most external portion of nasal cavity just outside nostril

lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

What are vibrissae

A

short thick hair- screening device for respiratory tract

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22
Q

Why can nosebleeds happen

A

nasal cavity is highly vascularized so if takes an injury will cause more bleeding due to increased capillaries

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23
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharanx

A

nasopharynx
oropharanx
laryngopharanx

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24
Q

What are key notes about nasopharanx

A

connection between nasal cavity and phalanx

is located above soft palate

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25
Q

What tubes connect nasopharynx to middle ear

A

eustachian tubes

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26
Q

What are key notes about oropharanx

A

is caudal to mouth and anterior to epiglottis

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27
Q

What are key notes about laryngopharanx

A

is where phalanx, laraynx and esophagus meet

is superior and posterior to larynx

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28
Q

What is purpose of epithelium in pharanx

A

varies due to movement in area

the stratified squamous tissue prevents frictional damage

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29
Q

What are the hard and soft palate

A

separate nasal cavities from mouth

aid air and food to pass in pharayn

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30
Q

Why is it good to be aware of hard and soft palate in terms of food passage

A

there is a danger of aspiration

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31
Q

What is aspiration

A

food/liquid accidentally enter trachea

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32
Q

What are the 3 advantages to a shared passage

A
  1. ) air comes in through mouth in case of obstruction nasal cavity
  2. ) allows for relatively normal breathing while eating
  3. ) allows for greater air intake during heavy exercise
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33
Q

What is the glottis

A

opening into larynx: also known as voice box

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34
Q

What are the vocal cords

A

located in larynx
at edge of glottis and embedded in mucous membrane
flexible bands connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled pas them through glottis

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35
Q

What is the larynx attached to

A

trachea

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36
Q

What is the anatomy of the larynx

A

has single and paired cartilage
single cartilage: epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage( adam apple)
paired cartilage: smaller in size, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuniform

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37
Q

What are some key notes about trachea

A

held open my series of c-shaped cartilaginous rings that don’t meet on posterior side of tracheostomy’s
“open” region of tracheostomy’s is bridged by a ligament and trachealis smooth muscle

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38
Q

What direction do cilia beat in motion with trachea and bronchi and the purpose

A

upward
purpose is to carry mucous, dust or food aspirated up into throat
once moved into throat- may be swallowed or spit up

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39
Q

What disease may aspiration cause if lg amount of food/liquid is aspiration and travel to lungs

A

pneumonia

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40
Q

What are 3 steps needed for swallowing

A
  1. larynx rises and trachea is closed by epiglottis
  2. posterior and superior movement of soft palate covers entrance of nasal passage, upward movement of soft palate prevent food or liquid from entering nasal passage during swallow
  3. food enters esophagus which lies posterior to larynx and trachea
41
Q

How are bronchi divided

A

into 2: R and L

each have smaller passaged called bronchioles

42
Q

What are 2 key notes about bronchi

A

2 bronchi resemble trachea in structure, but as bronchial tube divide, walls become thinner, no cartilaginous rings
Bronchi represent transition form single conduction pathway of increased airway into large surface area required for gas exchange

43
Q

What is respiratory epithelium

A

lines entered bronchial tree
trachea bifurcate into 2 main stem( primary) bronchi and branch into lobes: 3 in R, 2 in L
continue to divide until reach 1mm in diameter and called bronchioles at this point

44
Q

What are structure and function of bronchioles

A

form interface between conducting portion and respiratory portion
terminal branches: smallest air conducting bronchiole

45
Q

What is key about respiratory bronchiole

A

transitional zone in respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange
has alveolar duct: alveolar sac and single alveoli extension
each terminate in elongated space enclose by tiny air pockets- alveoli-in alveolar sacs

46
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

movement of air in/out of alveoli
alveolar duct rise from respiratory bronchioles surround by alveolar sac
alveoli- represent site of gas exchange as well as blood- brain- barrier
capillaries are sandwiched between 2 alveoli

47
Q

How do gases follow concentration gradient

A

higher to lower
O2 diffuse into blood from lung and CO2 diffuse out of blood into lungs
results in O2 move into blood, CO2 move out of blood

48
Q

What is histology

A

study of cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed by a microscope

49
Q

What are respiratory epithelium made up of

A

ciliated, pseudo stratified, columnar cells

50
Q

What are cilia

A

small hair like projection out open or top( apical side)
move air in up sweeping motion
action helps keep respiratory tract free of debris

51
Q

How do pseudo stratified layers appear

A

in layers

52
Q

What is basement membrane

A

floor of epithelial tissue- all cells attach here

53
Q

What are columnar cells

A

taller than wide: column name

54
Q

what are goblet cells

A

mucous producing- present in epithelium of respiratory tract
named for goblet appearance
help to trap debris within respiratory tract which then are moved by cilia

55
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium

A

found at entrance of respiratory system

56
Q

what does stratified mean

A

layered

57
Q

what does squamous mean

A

flatterend

58
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium

A

simple: 1 layer
simple squamous: single layer flattened cells
structure allows for exchange of gasses to occur in respiratory bronchioles

59
Q

What is primary function of alveoli

A

allow sufficient exchange of gasses between air and blood

60
Q

What is surfactant

A

lipoprotein- covers luminal surface and keep alveoli from sticking together during inhalation

61
Q

Why is surfactant important

A

breaks up H2O
w/o can’t keep shape and makes gas exchange impossible
may premature babies have respiratory issues because lacking in this lipoprotein as lungs not fully developed

62
Q

With are 3 types of alveolar cells

A

alveolar cell type 1
alveolar cell type 2
alveolar macrophage

63
Q

What is structure and function of alveolar cell type 1

A

make up of 95% of alveolar epithelium

formed from thin simple squamous epithelium of alveoli in junction of capillaires

64
Q

What is structure and function of alveolar cell type 2

A 
5% alveolar epithelium
dispersed through type 1
function to produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant
replace type 1 cels
65
Q

What is structure and function of alveolar macrophage

A

dust cells
distinct from epithelia tissue because of integration with outside environment
phagocytize toxic particles, allergen and infectious material

66
Q

what is most abundant cell in alveoli

A

alveolar macrophage

primary defense for alveoli

67
Q

What happens once materials are phagocytize in alveoli

A

migrates toward culinary structure of bronchiolar system

once on surface cilia carry macrophage and particles to e swallowed or expelled

68
Q

What are the 4 steps in respiratory physiology

A

Breathing- inspiration and expiration
External respiration- gas exchange with environment at respiratory surface
Internal respiration- gas exchange at blood and tissue
Aerobic cellular respiration- produce ATP

69
Q

How does gas exchange take place

A

by diffussion

70
Q

What are 3 steps required for gas exchange in a region

A

moist
thin
Lg in relation to size of the body

71
Q

What is ventilation

A

lungs move air into respiratory tract( inhalation) and out of respiratory tract( exhalation)
negative pressure environment created inside lungs by pleural space- means pressure inside space is less than of atmosphere

72
Q

How does inhalation happen

A

rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand lungs

73
Q

What is the diaphram

A

organ that is dome shaped @ rest and flattened as it contracts to pull lungs open
as thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases- density of gases filling lungs decrease
air pressure outside of lung is greater than inside-> so air naturally flows into lungs

74
Q

What is exhalation and how does it happen

A

rib cage lowers, diaphragm rises , thoracic pressure increases, air moves out of lung when pressure is lower

75
Q

What is incomplete ventilation

A

when lungs don’t completely empty during breath cycle

76
Q

How does diffusion assist with respiration and what is it

A

exchange of gases between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
CO2 naturally diffuse out of blood into alveoli and then exhaled- pattern reversed for O2
blood coming into pulmonary capillaries is O2 poor and alveolar is O2 rich-> O2 naturally diffuse into capillaries

77
Q

What does hemoglobin due during respiration

A

assist with diffusion

each molecule contain 4 polypeptide chains->each is folded around an iron-contains group called heme

78
Q

What is heme

A

iron binding group that binds with loose O2

79
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin

A

formed from CO2 and hemoglobin
Removes CO2 from tissue
30% of CO2 transported this way
most CO2 is transported in form of bicarbonate ion

80
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme in RBC combine with CO2 and H2O-> bicarbonate ion

remainder of CO2(10%) is carried freely in blood

81
Q

What is atmospheric pressure

A

760 Hg(mercury) =1 atm

82
Q

What is Boyle Law

A

pressure of given quantity of gas is inversely proportion to volume
Increased pressure in smaller volume or decreased pressure in greater volume
explains inspiration/expiration

83
Q

What is Charle’s Law

A

volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature
explains why warring air is beneficial to respiratory system
increased temp of gas= increased gas volume
decreased temp of gas= decreased gas volume

84
Q

What is dalton’s law

A

total pressure of gas mixture= some of partial pressure of inidivual gas
ppO2+ppCO2+ppN2=1

85
Q

What device is used to measure gas pressure

A

spirometer

86
Q

Define tidal volume and how much air is present normally

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
500mL of air

87
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve volume( IRV) and how much air

A

maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation
3000mL of air

88
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume( ERV) and how much air

A

max amount of air exhaled w/effort

about 1200mL of air

89
Q

Define residual volume

A

amount of air remaining that can’t be exhaled

1300mLof air

90
Q

How do you calculate Vital Capacity

A

ERV+TV+IRV

91
Q

How do you calculate Total lung capacity

A

VC+RV

92
Q

How do you calculate Inspiratory capacity

A

TV+IRV or VC- ERV

93
Q

How do you calculate functional residual capacity

A

RV+ ERV

94
Q

What is RR

A

respiratory rate

measured in breath per min and determine amount of air moved through lungs or minute volume( mV)

95
Q

What is emphysema

A

causes damage to alveoli
eventually damage causes inner walls of alveoli to become weak and rupture
loss of alveolar ventilation ability and loss of total gas exchange

96
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary disease
impacts cells in all parts of body- specific-epithelial of respiratory
cells produce mucous with enough saline- cause mucous to become too thick-> clogs respiratory tract
chronic respiratory infection eventually lead to respiratory failure

97
Q

Pulmonary edema- what is it

A

accumulation of fluid in lungs caused by infection, cancer, Congestive heart disease
when listen to lung hear fluid which makes crackly sound
alveoli filled with fluid pop with each breath

98
Q

What does auscultation mean

A

to listen

99
Q

What is pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleura dur to infection, cancer or injury
pleural space fills with air, pus blood or other fluid
causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing
layers of cavity rub agains each other
can make it difficult to hear heart sounds of a person

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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