Module 2: Respiratory System Flashcards
Define gross anatomy
study of organs and structure of human body visible to naked eye
What is primary organ in Respiratory system
lungs
How many lobes in R lung
3: superior, middle and inferior
How many lobes in L lung
2: superior and inferior
Why is there asymmetry in lobes
due to position of heart which is left of median plane
What is the “hilum”
root of lung: where pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter lung
What does healthy lung tissue look like
light pink/peach in color
Do both lungs have oblique fissures
yes: R has horizontal separating superior and middle lobe
What are plurae
membranes covers surface of lung and cavity around lung
What is visceral pleura
directly covers the lungs: membrane
What is parietal pleura
covers surfaces surrounding the lungs-> rib cage, diaphragm, mediasteinum
What is the pleural space
space formed between pleura: normally empty except for small amounts of fluid
when diseased will fill with air or lots of fluid
what is a key function of pleura
reduce friction and provide negative pressure in environment
need for lung inflation
also help to pull lungs open with chest wall during inhalation
What are 3 functions respiratory system performs
air conduction
air filtration
respiration exchange of gases
What are the structures involved in conducting system of respiratory system
nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles
What structures involved in filtration
nostrils: hair, cilia, mucous produce goblet cells
Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucous produce goblet cells
What structures are involved with respiratory portion of the system
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sac
alveli
How does air move through the system
enters into nasal cavity, goes through phalanx, larynx, trachea and bronchi, along this path it is filtered to be free of debris, warmed and humidified to be used
What are key notes about nasal cavities
composed of bone and cartilage
have L+R fosse separated by nasal septum
What is the vestibule in nasal cavities
most external portion of nasal cavity just outside nostril
lined with stratified squamous epithelium
What are vibrissae
short thick hair- screening device for respiratory tract
Why can nosebleeds happen
nasal cavity is highly vascularized so if takes an injury will cause more bleeding due to increased capillaries
What are the 3 regions of the pharanx
nasopharynx
oropharanx
laryngopharanx
What are key notes about nasopharanx
connection between nasal cavity and phalanx
is located above soft palate
What tubes connect nasopharynx to middle ear
eustachian tubes
What are key notes about oropharanx
is caudal to mouth and anterior to epiglottis
What are key notes about laryngopharanx
is where phalanx, laraynx and esophagus meet
is superior and posterior to larynx
What is purpose of epithelium in pharanx
varies due to movement in area
the stratified squamous tissue prevents frictional damage
What are the hard and soft palate
separate nasal cavities from mouth
aid air and food to pass in pharayn
Why is it good to be aware of hard and soft palate in terms of food passage
there is a danger of aspiration
What is aspiration
food/liquid accidentally enter trachea
What are the 3 advantages to a shared passage
- ) air comes in through mouth in case of obstruction nasal cavity
- ) allows for relatively normal breathing while eating
- ) allows for greater air intake during heavy exercise
What is the glottis
opening into larynx: also known as voice box
What are the vocal cords
located in larynx
at edge of glottis and embedded in mucous membrane
flexible bands connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled pas them through glottis
What is the larynx attached to
trachea
What is the anatomy of the larynx
has single and paired cartilage
single cartilage: epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage( adam apple)
paired cartilage: smaller in size, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuniform
What are some key notes about trachea
held open my series of c-shaped cartilaginous rings that don’t meet on posterior side of tracheostomy’s
“open” region of tracheostomy’s is bridged by a ligament and trachealis smooth muscle
What direction do cilia beat in motion with trachea and bronchi and the purpose
upward
purpose is to carry mucous, dust or food aspirated up into throat
once moved into throat- may be swallowed or spit up
What disease may aspiration cause if lg amount of food/liquid is aspiration and travel to lungs
pneumonia
What are 3 steps needed for swallowing
- larynx rises and trachea is closed by epiglottis
- posterior and superior movement of soft palate covers entrance of nasal passage, upward movement of soft palate prevent food or liquid from entering nasal passage during swallow
- food enters esophagus which lies posterior to larynx and trachea
How are bronchi divided
into 2: R and L
each have smaller passaged called bronchioles
What are 2 key notes about bronchi
2 bronchi resemble trachea in structure, but as bronchial tube divide, walls become thinner, no cartilaginous rings
Bronchi represent transition form single conduction pathway of increased airway into large surface area required for gas exchange
What is respiratory epithelium
lines entered bronchial tree
trachea bifurcate into 2 main stem( primary) bronchi and branch into lobes: 3 in R, 2 in L
continue to divide until reach 1mm in diameter and called bronchioles at this point
What are structure and function of bronchioles
form interface between conducting portion and respiratory portion
terminal branches: smallest air conducting bronchiole
What is key about respiratory bronchiole
transitional zone in respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange
has alveolar duct: alveolar sac and single alveoli extension
each terminate in elongated space enclose by tiny air pockets- alveoli-in alveolar sacs
What is alveolar ventilation
movement of air in/out of alveoli
alveolar duct rise from respiratory bronchioles surround by alveolar sac
alveoli- represent site of gas exchange as well as blood- brain- barrier
capillaries are sandwiched between 2 alveoli
How do gases follow concentration gradient
higher to lower
O2 diffuse into blood from lung and CO2 diffuse out of blood into lungs
results in O2 move into blood, CO2 move out of blood
What is histology
study of cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed by a microscope
What are respiratory epithelium made up of
ciliated, pseudo stratified, columnar cells
What are cilia
small hair like projection out open or top( apical side)
move air in up sweeping motion
action helps keep respiratory tract free of debris
How do pseudo stratified layers appear
in layers
What is basement membrane
floor of epithelial tissue- all cells attach here
What are columnar cells
taller than wide: column name
what are goblet cells
mucous producing- present in epithelium of respiratory tract
named for goblet appearance
help to trap debris within respiratory tract which then are moved by cilia
What is stratified squamous epithelium
found at entrance of respiratory system
what does stratified mean
layered
what does squamous mean
flatterend
what is simple squamous epithelium
simple: 1 layer
simple squamous: single layer flattened cells
structure allows for exchange of gasses to occur in respiratory bronchioles
What is primary function of alveoli
allow sufficient exchange of gasses between air and blood
What is surfactant
lipoprotein- covers luminal surface and keep alveoli from sticking together during inhalation
Why is surfactant important
breaks up H2O
w/o can’t keep shape and makes gas exchange impossible
may premature babies have respiratory issues because lacking in this lipoprotein as lungs not fully developed
With are 3 types of alveolar cells
alveolar cell type 1
alveolar cell type 2
alveolar macrophage
What is structure and function of alveolar cell type 1
make up of 95% of alveolar epithelium
formed from thin simple squamous epithelium of alveoli in junction of capillaires
What is structure and function of alveolar cell type 2
5% alveolar epithelium dispersed through type 1 function to produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant replace type 1 cels
What is structure and function of alveolar macrophage
dust cells
distinct from epithelia tissue because of integration with outside environment
phagocytize toxic particles, allergen and infectious material
what is most abundant cell in alveoli
alveolar macrophage
primary defense for alveoli
What happens once materials are phagocytize in alveoli
migrates toward culinary structure of bronchiolar system
once on surface cilia carry macrophage and particles to e swallowed or expelled
What are the 4 steps in respiratory physiology
Breathing- inspiration and expiration
External respiration- gas exchange with environment at respiratory surface
Internal respiration- gas exchange at blood and tissue
Aerobic cellular respiration- produce ATP
How does gas exchange take place
by diffussion
What are 3 steps required for gas exchange in a region
moist
thin
Lg in relation to size of the body
What is ventilation
lungs move air into respiratory tract( inhalation) and out of respiratory tract( exhalation)
negative pressure environment created inside lungs by pleural space- means pressure inside space is less than of atmosphere
How does inhalation happen
rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand lungs
What is the diaphram
organ that is dome shaped @ rest and flattened as it contracts to pull lungs open
as thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases- density of gases filling lungs decrease
air pressure outside of lung is greater than inside-> so air naturally flows into lungs
What is exhalation and how does it happen
rib cage lowers, diaphragm rises , thoracic pressure increases, air moves out of lung when pressure is lower
What is incomplete ventilation
when lungs don’t completely empty during breath cycle
How does diffusion assist with respiration and what is it
exchange of gases between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
CO2 naturally diffuse out of blood into alveoli and then exhaled- pattern reversed for O2
blood coming into pulmonary capillaries is O2 poor and alveolar is O2 rich-> O2 naturally diffuse into capillaries
What does hemoglobin due during respiration
assist with diffusion
each molecule contain 4 polypeptide chains->each is folded around an iron-contains group called heme
What is heme
iron binding group that binds with loose O2
What is carbaminohemoglobin
formed from CO2 and hemoglobin
Removes CO2 from tissue
30% of CO2 transported this way
most CO2 is transported in form of bicarbonate ion
What is carbonic anhydrase
enzyme in RBC combine with CO2 and H2O-> bicarbonate ion
remainder of CO2(10%) is carried freely in blood
What is atmospheric pressure
760 Hg(mercury) =1 atm
What is Boyle Law
pressure of given quantity of gas is inversely proportion to volume
Increased pressure in smaller volume or decreased pressure in greater volume
explains inspiration/expiration
What is Charle’s Law
volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature
explains why warring air is beneficial to respiratory system
increased temp of gas= increased gas volume
decreased temp of gas= decreased gas volume
What is dalton’s law
total pressure of gas mixture= some of partial pressure of inidivual gas
ppO2+ppCO2+ppN2=1
What device is used to measure gas pressure
spirometer
Define tidal volume and how much air is present normally
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
500mL of air
Define Inspiratory Reserve volume( IRV) and how much air
maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation
3000mL of air
Define Expiratory Reserve Volume( ERV) and how much air
max amount of air exhaled w/effort
about 1200mL of air
Define residual volume
amount of air remaining that can’t be exhaled
1300mLof air
How do you calculate Vital Capacity
ERV+TV+IRV
How do you calculate Total lung capacity
VC+RV
How do you calculate Inspiratory capacity
TV+IRV or VC- ERV
How do you calculate functional residual capacity
RV+ ERV
What is RR
respiratory rate
measured in breath per min and determine amount of air moved through lungs or minute volume( mV)
What is emphysema
causes damage to alveoli
eventually damage causes inner walls of alveoli to become weak and rupture
loss of alveolar ventilation ability and loss of total gas exchange
What is cystic fibrosis
hereditary disease
impacts cells in all parts of body- specific-epithelial of respiratory
cells produce mucous with enough saline- cause mucous to become too thick-> clogs respiratory tract
chronic respiratory infection eventually lead to respiratory failure
Pulmonary edema- what is it
accumulation of fluid in lungs caused by infection, cancer, Congestive heart disease
when listen to lung hear fluid which makes crackly sound
alveoli filled with fluid pop with each breath
What does auscultation mean
to listen
What is pleurisy
inflammation of pleura dur to infection, cancer or injury
pleural space fills with air, pus blood or other fluid
causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing
layers of cavity rub agains each other
can make it difficult to hear heart sounds of a person
