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Biology 121 > Module 6 PB > Flashcards

Module 6 PB Flashcards

1
Q

Herbivory

A

Interaction between 2 orgnanims where one of these, the herbivore consumes planted

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2
Q

Exploitative interaction

A

Involves non lethal consumption of plants

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3
Q

Prickly pear and cochineal

A

Herbivory

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4
Q

Cactus moth

A

Moth caused general collapse and destruction of most of the original stands of prickly pear

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5
Q

Herbivores can have a significant impact on _________________

A

Plant populations

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6
Q

Why are not more plants eaten

A
  1. Predators decrease herbivore population
  2. Many plants have defences
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7
Q

Morphological defences of plants

A

Viscous spines and thorns of cactus and raspberry plant

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8
Q

Chemical warfare defences of plants

A

Many plants produce toxic “secondary” chemicals that reduce herbivory

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9
Q

Example of chemical warfare

A

Bursera

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10
Q

Bursea

A

TOxic to insect herbivores

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11
Q

Predation

A

Interaction between 2 organisms where one of these, the creator captures and feeds on another organism (ANIMAL) THAT SERVES AS PREY

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12
Q

Morphological adaptations of predators

A

Teeth and claws
Jaws
Strength
Tongue
Vision
Smell
Hearing

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13
Q

Senses adaptations of predators

A

Stalking
Sit and Wait
Group hunting

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14
Q

killer whales live in

A

Prefer cold waters
But can survive in warm tropical waters

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15
Q

Echolocation

A

Used by killer whales
Sound waves from the whales song are reflected in an echo and travel back to the whale

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16
Q

Carousel feeding

A

They go around to herd the fish in a circle and take turns to feed the fish

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17
Q

Humpback whale

A

Does the same with zooplankton and form circle by blowing bubbles

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18
Q

In Argentina orcas eat __________

A

The South American SEA LIONS

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19
Q

in argentina killer whales use the ___________

A

Beaching strategy

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20
Q

In antarctica killer whales use the _________

A

Foraging strategy

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21
Q

Foraging Strategy

A

Hunting is packs
Creating waves to wash seals off ice

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22
Q

Adaptations of Prey (Senses)

A

Sight
Smell
Hearing

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23
Q

Adaptation of Prey (Behavioural)

A

Meercats
Live in groups so they smell and send out signals

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24
Q

Defence prey

A

Morphological - Spikes, Shells and Thorns
Chemicals - Camoflauge
Speed

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25
Co evolution
one species evolves its adaptations to math the needs of the adaptation of another specie
26
Orange bellied Newt
Skin releases toxins if eaten (very toxic) Affects Sodium
27
What is resistant to the orange newt
Common garter snake Resistant to newt toxin
28
Common garter snake
Resistant to newt Loss of speed and temporary lack of movement
29
Newt and Common garter snake is an example of
Co evolution
30
Two components on species diversity
1. Species Richness 2. Relative Abundance
31
Species Richness
Total number of species How diverse/rich is the community
32
Relative abundance
How common or rare a species is relative to other species in a community
33
Species area relationship
More Area More species
34
Eruption of Mount St. Helens
volcano
35
Succession
Gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time
36
Primary Succession
Succesion on a newly exposed site that lacks soil and vegetation
37
Secondary Succesion
Succesion on a site that has already supported life that has a undergone a disturbance, such as a fire, tornado, hurricane or flood
38
Steps of Primary Succession
1. Lichens are often the first colonists 2. Mosses then colonize the patches of soil and grow quickly 3. As soil accumulates hardy opportunistic plants colonize site from surrounding sites 3. When they die, they decompose and make the soil more rich 4. A climax community is dominated
39
lichens
Fungus and green alga or cyanobacteria
40
How to lichens derive nutrients
From rain and bare rock Secrete mild acids that erode rock surfaces Slow development of soil
41
mosses are __________
Bryophytes
42
Climax community
Dominated by trees with woody trunks and branches These tress have large root systems and acquire water and nutrients from the soil New species rarely join the climax community
43
Secondary succesion
Pioneer species - Intermediate species - Climac community Early stages in faster because soil is already present
44
Ecosystem
Included the biotic communities and abiotic environment affecting the community
45
Ecosystem Ecology
Study of the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities
46
Energy moves in __________
One direction
47
From Autotrophs to __________
Heterotrophs
48
Food chains
Linear
49
Food webs
Complex
50
Energy moves up as carnivores __________
Increase
51
Primary production
Autotrophs Light energy being converted to chemical energy
52
Secondary production
Chemical energy being converted to the consumers own biomass
53
Not 100% of energy is used for growth
True
54
high trophic levels have
Low amount of available energy
55
Most of the food energy that enters a tropic level is lost as _________
Heat
56
Detritus
The material long with dead remains of animals and waste products
57
Organisms that get energy from detritus
Decomposers
58
Trophic Cascade
The removal of top carnivores form a terrestrial ecosystem
59
What happens in trophic cascade
1. Small predators dominate 2. Simplifies plant community 3. Lower songbird diversity 4. Numerous large herbivores
60
Dominant Species
Are the most abundant species in a community or have the highest biomass (=total mass of organic matter) As a result they can exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species
61
Example of dominant species
Sugar maples
62
Keystone species
More important Not abundant in a community Exert strong control on community structure NOT by numerical but by their pivotal ecological role
63
Picaster
Example of keystone species Feeds on mussels When picaster was removed mussels took over and eliminated more invertebrates and algae
64
Sea otters
Keystone species They eat urchins are other vertebrates that graze of kelp
65
No sea otters
No kelp
66
Food chain before killer whales
More organisms
67
Food chain after killer whales
Less organisms
68
North American Beaver
Keystone species Transform their territory from a stream to a pond or swamp
69
Positives form beaver dams
Akkows young trees to grow in their place
70
Salt Marsh with Juncus
Juncus: Key stone species Affect reproduction rates of plant species
71
Brown Tree Snake
Invasive species Introduced Accidentally Decimated native bird population Threat to many native small mammals and other reptiles
72
Zebra Mussel
Invasive species Extreme Biofouling activity, nuisance to humans Outcompeted native mussel species
73
Wild Boar
Invasive Species
74
Purple loosestrife (weed)
Grows exponentially Plant invades native wetland Fast growing and aggressive plant with no natural predators or diseases It quickly shades out competition
75
Why are invasive species successful
- Better competitors then the native species - Pioneer species - Few native predators - Prey organisms lack anti predator defenced - No parasites
76
Extinction
A species is no longer in existence globally
77
Functional Extinction
- Only a reduced number of individuals are left - Populations no longer viable - Chances of reproduction are low
78
Extinction vortex
Downwards spiral of population caused by interbreeding and genetic drift
79
Extirpated
A species has been lost locally
80
Greater prairie chicken
Extirpated in Canada
81
Sea mink
Globally extinct
82
Great Auk
Globally extinct
83
Endangered
A species that is facing imminent extirpation to extinction
84
Threatened
A species likely to become endangered
85
Special concern
A SPECIES THAT MIGHT BECOME threatened or endangered because of a combination of biological characteristics and threats
86
Approx _________ of all Canadian mammals are listed as endangered / threatened or special concern
1/3
87
Beluga Whales
declined 50% since 1985 Predicted to go extinct within 20 years
88
Swift fox
Threatened species Extripated in 1928
89
Background Extinction rate
Rate of species loss in the absence of human activities
90

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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