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Biology 121 > Module 6 PB > Flashcards

Module 6 PB Flashcards

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1
Q

Herbivory

A

Interaction between 2 orgnanims where one of these, the herbivore consumes planted

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2
Q

Exploitative interaction

A

Involves non lethal consumption of plants

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3
Q

Prickly pear and cochineal

A

Herbivory

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4
Q

Cactus moth

A

Moth caused general collapse and destruction of most of the original stands of prickly pear

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5
Q

Herbivores can have a significant impact on _________________

A

Plant populations

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6
Q

Why are not more plants eaten

A
  1. Predators decrease herbivore population
  2. Many plants have defences
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7
Q

Morphological defences of plants

A

Viscous spines and thorns of cactus and raspberry plant

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8
Q

Chemical warfare defences of plants

A

Many plants produce toxic “secondary” chemicals that reduce herbivory

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9
Q

Example of chemical warfare

A

Bursera

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10
Q

Bursea

A

TOxic to insect herbivores

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11
Q

Predation

A

Interaction between 2 organisms where one of these, the creator captures and feeds on another organism (ANIMAL) THAT SERVES AS PREY

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12
Q

Morphological adaptations of predators

A

Teeth and claws
Jaws
Strength
Tongue
Vision
Smell
Hearing

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13
Q

Senses adaptations of predators

A

Stalking
Sit and Wait
Group hunting

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14
Q

killer whales live in

A

Prefer cold waters
But can survive in warm tropical waters

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15
Q

Echolocation

A

Used by killer whales
Sound waves from the whales song are reflected in an echo and travel back to the whale

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16
Q

Carousel feeding

A

They go around to herd the fish in a circle and take turns to feed the fish

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17
Q

Humpback whale

A

Does the same with zooplankton and form circle by blowing bubbles

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18
Q

In Argentina orcas eat __________

A

The South American SEA LIONS

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19
Q

in argentina killer whales use the ___________

A

Beaching strategy

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20
Q

In antarctica killer whales use the _________

A

Foraging strategy

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21
Q

Foraging Strategy

A

Hunting is packs
Creating waves to wash seals off ice

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22
Q

Adaptations of Prey (Senses)

A

Sight
Smell
Hearing

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23
Q

Adaptation of Prey (Behavioural)

A

Meercats
Live in groups so they smell and send out signals

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24
Q

Defence prey

A

Morphological - Spikes, Shells and Thorns
Chemicals - Camoflauge
Speed

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25
Q

Co evolution

A

one species evolves its adaptations to math the needs of the adaptation of another specie

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26
Q

Orange bellied Newt

A

Skin releases toxins if eaten (very toxic)
Affects Sodium

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27
Q

What is resistant to the orange newt

A

Common garter snake
Resistant to newt toxin

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28
Q

Common garter snake

A

Resistant to newt
Loss of speed and temporary lack of movement

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29
Q

Newt and Common garter snake is an example of

A

Co evolution

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30
Q

Two components on species diversity

A
  1. Species Richness
  2. Relative Abundance
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31
Q

Species Richness

A

Total number of species
How diverse/rich is the community

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32
Q

Relative abundance

A

How common or rare a species is relative to other species in a community

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33
Q

Species area relationship

A

More Area More species

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34
Q

Eruption of Mount St. Helens

A

volcano

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35
Q

Succession

A

Gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time

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36
Q

Primary Succession

A

Succesion on a newly exposed site that lacks soil and vegetation

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37
Q

Secondary Succesion

A

Succesion on a site that has already supported life that has a undergone a disturbance, such as a fire, tornado, hurricane or flood

38
Q

Steps of Primary Succession

A
  1. Lichens are often the first colonists
  2. Mosses then colonize the patches of soil and grow quickly
  3. As soil accumulates hardy opportunistic plants colonize site from surrounding sites
  4. When they die, they decompose and make the soil more rich
  5. A climax community is dominated
39
Q

lichens

A

Fungus and green alga or cyanobacteria

40
Q

How to lichens derive nutrients

A

From rain and bare rock
Secrete mild acids that erode rock surfaces
Slow development of soil

41
Q

mosses are __________

A

Bryophytes

42
Q

Climax community

A

Dominated by trees with woody trunks and branches
These tress have large root systems and acquire water and nutrients from the soil
New species rarely join the climax community

43
Q

Secondary succesion

A

Pioneer species - Intermediate species - Climac community
Early stages in faster because soil is already present

44
Q

Ecosystem

A

Included the biotic communities and abiotic environment affecting the community

45
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Study of the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities

46
Q

Energy moves in __________

A

One direction

47
Q

From Autotrophs to __________

A

Heterotrophs

48
Q

Food chains

A

Linear

49
Q

Food webs

A

Complex

50
Q

Energy moves up as carnivores __________

A

Increase

51
Q

Primary production

A

Autotrophs
Light energy being converted to chemical energy

52
Q

Secondary production

A

Chemical energy being converted to the consumers own biomass

53
Q

Not 100% of energy is used for growth

A

True

54
Q

high trophic levels have

A

Low amount of available energy

55
Q

Most of the food energy that enters a tropic level is lost as _________

A

Heat

56
Q

Detritus

A

The material long with dead remains of animals and waste products

57
Q

Organisms that get energy from detritus

A

Decomposers

58
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

The removal of top carnivores form a terrestrial ecosystem

59
Q

What happens in trophic cascade

A
  1. Small predators dominate
  2. Simplifies plant community
  3. Lower songbird diversity
  4. Numerous large herbivores
60
Q

Dominant Species

A

Are the most abundant species in a community or have the highest biomass (=total mass of organic matter)
As a result they can exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species

61
Q

Example of dominant species

A

Sugar maples

62
Q

Keystone species

A

More important
Not abundant in a community
Exert strong control on community structure NOT by numerical but by their pivotal ecological role

63
Q

Picaster

A

Example of keystone species
Feeds on mussels
When picaster was removed mussels took over and eliminated more invertebrates and algae

64
Q

Sea otters

A

Keystone species
They eat urchins are other vertebrates that graze of kelp

65
Q

No sea otters

A

No kelp

66
Q

Food chain before killer whales

A

More organisms

67
Q

Food chain after killer whales

A

Less organisms

68
Q

North American Beaver

A

Keystone species
Transform their territory from a stream to a pond or swamp

69
Q

Positives form beaver dams

A

Akkows young trees to grow in their place

70
Q

Salt Marsh with Juncus

A

Juncus: Key stone species
Affect reproduction rates of plant species

71
Q

Brown Tree Snake

A

Invasive species
Introduced Accidentally
Decimated native bird population
Threat to many native small mammals and other reptiles

72
Q

Zebra Mussel

A

Invasive species
Extreme Biofouling activity, nuisance to humans
Outcompeted native mussel species

73
Q

Wild Boar

A

Invasive Species

74
Q

Purple loosestrife (weed)

A

Grows exponentially
Plant invades native wetland
Fast growing and aggressive plant with no natural predators or diseases
It quickly shades out competition

75
Q

Why are invasive species successful

A
  • Better competitors then the native species
  • Pioneer species
  • Few native predators
  • Prey organisms lack anti predator defenced
  • No parasites
76
Q

Extinction

A

A species is no longer in existence globally

77
Q

Functional Extinction

A
  • Only a reduced number of individuals are left
  • Populations no longer viable
  • Chances of reproduction are low
78
Q

Extinction vortex

A

Downwards spiral of population caused by interbreeding and genetic drift

79
Q

Extirpated

A

A species has been lost locally

80
Q

Greater prairie chicken

A

Extirpated in Canada

81
Q

Sea mink

A

Globally extinct

82
Q

Great Auk

A

Globally extinct

83
Q

Endangered

A

A species that is facing imminent extirpation to extinction

84
Q

Threatened

A

A species likely to become endangered

85
Q

Special concern

A

A SPECIES THAT MIGHT BECOME threatened or endangered because of a combination of biological characteristics and threats

86
Q

Approx _________ of all Canadian mammals are listed as endangered / threatened or special concern

A

1/3

87
Q

Beluga Whales

A

declined 50% since 1985
Predicted to go extinct within 20 years

88
Q

Swift fox

A

Threatened species
Extripated in 1928

89
Q

Background Extinction rate

A

Rate of species loss in the absence of human activities

90
Q
A

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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