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Biology 121 > Module 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Module 4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Reproductive Isolation

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2
Q

What did Charles Darwin Contribute

A

How species evolve
The idea of evolution

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3
Q

Who proposed fixity of species

A

Plato

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4
Q

What is fixity of species

A

All modern organisms are unchanged descendants of those ancestors
Small variations may occur between individuals but species remain unchanged

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5
Q

What did Aristotle Contribute

A

Views species as fixed but his observations to conclude that life forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity

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6
Q

Carolus Linneaus

A

Binomial Classification

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7
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Study of fossils

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8
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Extinct speci that no longer exists
Any trace of an organism that lived in the past

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9
Q

What was Georges Cuvier known for

A

First to use comparative anatomy to develop a system to classify animals

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10
Q

The first problem relating to fixity of species

A

Discoveries by European Explorers

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11
Q

What did the European Explorers find

A

More diverse organisms

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12
Q

Example of something the European Explorers found

A

Unique fauna and flora in the other parts of the world
Challenged conventional idea of fixity of species

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13
Q

What did Georges Louis Leclerc find

A

Frech Naturalist
Suggested that living things do change through time

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14
Q

Factors of change proposed by Leclerc

A

Migration, Geographical Isolation, Overcrowding and struggle foe existence

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15
Q

Who publicly rejected that one species could evolve into another

A

Leclerc

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16
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

Believed evolution has occurred
Aware that modern species were different from fossil types
Saw how plant and animal breeders used breeding practices to changes the traits of domestic species (offspring inherited features from their parents)
Did not know what caused evolution

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17
Q

Second reason which caused problems for the idea “fixity of species”

A

The fossil record

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18
Q

How did the fossil record helped disprove fixity of species

A

Differences of species were found found in different layers of the fossil

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19
Q

Doctrine

A

No species of organism had ever become extinct

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20
Q

Who disproves Doctrine

A

Cuvier

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21
Q

What did Cuvier find from his fossil stuff

A

Abrupt changes between layers
Proposed that these species were destroyed due to multiple catastrophies
Different layers contained different organisms

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22
Q

Did Cuvier have an answer on the appearance of the new species in the fossil record

A

No

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23
Q

Jean Baptise Lamarck

A

Also saw the first fossil

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24
Q

What did Lamrk say about fossils

A

Fossils show an evidence of Gradual change

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25
Q

Bottom layers of fossil are

A

Older

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26
Q

3 important concepts Lamark came up with his fossil shit

A
  1. New Species have appeared gradually
  2. All species have change ,but rate of change are unequal
  3. Species do not appear after they have become extinct
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27
Q

How did Charles Darwin propose on hoe species arose?

A

The process of “Descent with Modification”

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28
Q

Charles Darwin was a _________ to Capt. Robert FitzRoy

A

Companion
But become the ships naturalist later

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29
Q

Duties of a ship Naturalist

A

Recording the weather
Geological features
Animals
Fossils
Rocks
Minerals

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30
Q

3 key events in Darwins Voyage

A
  1. Experienced Earthquake in Chile
  2. Darwins observations in South America and Galapagos
  3. Visited Cocos(Keeling) Islands
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31
Q

What did Darwin experience with the Earthquake

A

Found that rocks lined with recent marine shells were now elevated above tide
The island of Santa Maria raised an average of 3 meters

32
Q

What did Darwin read during his voyage

A

Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell

33
Q

What did Charles Lyell Propose

A

Uniformitarism

34
Q

What is Uniformitarism

A

The present is the key to the past

35
Q

What did Darwin observe in South America and Galapagos

A

Marine Iguana v Land Iguana
Blue footed booby
Galapagos island penguins
Steamer ducks - South America

36
Q

How do Steamer Ducks move

A

Flap their wings into the water (as well as using their feet) creating an effect like a paddle steamer

37
Q

What kind of fossil collections did Darwin find

A

Enormous number of species now extinct
Fossil changed over time (in different soil layers), more recent fossils more similar to present day forms than the older fossils

38
Q

Darwin Rheas

A

Two rheas
there is some sympatry
Could the two rheas perhaps have originated from a common ancestor

39
Q

Darwin said species ______ slightly from place to place

A

Varied

40
Q

Sattle Back Tortoise

A

Shell turned up at front: an adaptation to reach upward with their long necks for vegetation

41
Q

Dome shaped tortoise

A

Restricted to vegetation on ground

42
Q

What did Darwin say about islands with tortoise absent

A

Cactus grows all over the ground

43
Q

What did Darwin say about islands where tortoises present

A

Cactus grows substantial trunks which places most fruit beyond the reach of tortoises

44
Q

What diid Darwin say about the adaptation of Cactuses

A

Natural selection has favour cactuses

45
Q

What did Darwin observe on woodpecker finches

A

They use twigs or cactus spines to extract insects from holes in dead tree branches

46
Q

What did Darwin observe on Ground Finches

A

Thick and wide beaks for crushing hard seeds (Bigger the beak More crushing seed)

47
Q

What did Darwin Observe on Tree finches

A

Grasping beaks for picking up insects

48
Q

What did Darwin observe at Cocos Islands

A

20 spp of plant
1 spp lizard
13 spp insect

49
Q

Prof. Richard Owen looked at

A

Fossil specimens

50
Q

Rev Leonard Jenyns Looked at

A

Fish

51
Q

Mr. Thomas Bell looked at

A

Reptiles

52
Q

MR. John Gould

A

Birds

53
Q

Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker

A

Plants

54
Q

What did Richard Owen mainly look at

A

Toxodon Platentis in South America
A giant Rodent
It was morphologically similar to a giant capybara

55
Q

What was Toxodon Plantentis morphologically similar to

A

Capybara

56
Q

Macrauchenia patachonica

A

Large mammal herbivore
Resembles a humpless camel with a short trunk but not closely related to camels or elephants

57
Q

What is Macrauchenia closely related to

A

llama

58
Q

Glypodon (1839)

A

Giant armadillo

59
Q

What did Darwin say about Glyptodon

A

Armadillo evolved from the Glypodon

60
Q

Floreana Birds

A

Bigger, darker and larger beak

61
Q

What book did Darwin write

A

Journals at sea

62
Q

What was journals at sea about

A

Different varieties of one specie

63
Q

What were Darwins observations on mocking birds of South America

A

Species might chance
Different varitieies of mockingbirds on different islands

64
Q

Artificial Breeding

A

Darwins evidence of common ancestor
Providrd evidence to Darwin that mammals shared a common ancestry

65
Q

Thomas malthus

A

Essay on the principle of population

66
Q

What did Thomas Malthus say

A

Human populations will outgrow food supply and individuals must compete for resources

67
Q

Observation 1 of Dawins Natural Selection

A

For any species, population sizes would continue to increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced successfully

68
Q

Observation 2 of Darwins Natural Selection

A

Nonetheless, populations tend to remain stable in size for seasonal fluctuations

69
Q

Observation 3 of Darwins Natural Selection

A

Resources are limited

70
Q

Inference 1 of Darwins Natural Selection

A

Production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving each generation
In short: Many individuals die without reproducing

71
Q

Observation 4

A

Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no individuals are exactly alike

72
Q

observation 5

A

Much of this variation is Heritable

73
Q

Inference 2

A

Survival depends in part on inherited traits. Individuals whose inherited traits give them high probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment have higher fitness and are likely to leave more offspring then less fit individuals

74
Q

Inference 3 of Natural Selection

A

This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in a population with favourable characteristics accumulating over generations

75
Q

What did Alfred Russel Wallace come up with

A

Batesian Mimicry

76
Q

Alfred Wallace was the ___________ of modern evolutionary theory

A

Co founder

77
Q
A

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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