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Biology 121 > Module 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Module 4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Reproductive Isolation

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2
Q

What did Charles Darwin Contribute

A

How species evolve
The idea of evolution

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3
Q

Who proposed fixity of species

A

Plato

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4
Q

What is fixity of species

A

All modern organisms are unchanged descendants of those ancestors
Small variations may occur between individuals but species remain unchanged

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5
Q

What did Aristotle Contribute

A

Views species as fixed but his observations to conclude that life forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity

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6
Q

Carolus Linneaus

A

Binomial Classification

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7
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Study of fossils

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8
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Extinct speci that no longer exists
Any trace of an organism that lived in the past

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9
Q

What was Georges Cuvier known for

A

First to use comparative anatomy to develop a system to classify animals

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10
Q

The first problem relating to fixity of species

A

Discoveries by European Explorers

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11
Q

What did the European Explorers find

A

More diverse organisms

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12
Q

Example of something the European Explorers found

A

Unique fauna and flora in the other parts of the world
Challenged conventional idea of fixity of species

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13
Q

What did Georges Louis Leclerc find

A

Frech Naturalist
Suggested that living things do change through time

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14
Q

Factors of change proposed by Leclerc

A

Migration, Geographical Isolation, Overcrowding and struggle foe existence

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15
Q

Who publicly rejected that one species could evolve into another

A

Leclerc

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16
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

Believed evolution has occurred
Aware that modern species were different from fossil types
Saw how plant and animal breeders used breeding practices to changes the traits of domestic species (offspring inherited features from their parents)
Did not know what caused evolution

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17
Q

Second reason which caused problems for the idea “fixity of species”

A

The fossil record

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18
Q

How did the fossil record helped disprove fixity of species

A

Differences of species were found found in different layers of the fossil

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19
Q

Doctrine

A

No species of organism had ever become extinct

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20
Q

Who disproves Doctrine

A

Cuvier

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21
Q

What did Cuvier find from his fossil stuff

A

Abrupt changes between layers
Proposed that these species were destroyed due to multiple catastrophies
Different layers contained different organisms

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22
Q

Did Cuvier have an answer on the appearance of the new species in the fossil record

A

No

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23
Q

Jean Baptise Lamarck

A

Also saw the first fossil

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24
Q

What did Lamrk say about fossils

A

Fossils show an evidence of Gradual change

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25
Bottom layers of fossil are
Older
26
3 important concepts Lamark came up with his fossil shit
1. New Species have appeared gradually 2. All species have change ,but rate of change are unequal 3. Species do not appear after they have become extinct
27
How did Charles Darwin propose on hoe species arose?
The process of "Descent with Modification"
28
Charles Darwin was a _________ to Capt. Robert FitzRoy
Companion But become the ships naturalist later
29
Duties of a ship Naturalist
Recording the weather Geological features Animals Fossils Rocks Minerals
30
3 key events in Darwins Voyage
1. Experienced Earthquake in Chile 2. Darwins observations in South America and Galapagos 3. Visited Cocos(Keeling) Islands
31
What did Darwin experience with the Earthquake
Found that rocks lined with recent marine shells were now elevated above tide The island of Santa Maria raised an average of 3 meters
32
What did Darwin read during his voyage
Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell
33
What did Charles Lyell Propose
Uniformitarism
34
What is Uniformitarism
The present is the key to the past
35
What did Darwin observe in South America and Galapagos
Marine Iguana v Land Iguana Blue footed booby Galapagos island penguins Steamer ducks - South America
36
How do Steamer Ducks move
Flap their wings into the water (as well as using their feet) creating an effect like a paddle steamer
37
What kind of fossil collections did Darwin find
Enormous number of species now extinct Fossil changed over time (in different soil layers), more recent fossils more similar to present day forms than the older fossils
38
Darwin Rheas
Two rheas there is some sympatry Could the two rheas perhaps have originated from a common ancestor
39
Darwin said species ______ slightly from place to place
Varied
40
Sattle Back Tortoise
Shell turned up at front: an adaptation to reach upward with their long necks for vegetation
41
Dome shaped tortoise
Restricted to vegetation on ground
42
What did Darwin say about islands with tortoise absent
Cactus grows all over the ground
43
What did Darwin say about islands where tortoises present
Cactus grows substantial trunks which places most fruit beyond the reach of tortoises
44
What diid Darwin say about the adaptation of Cactuses
Natural selection has favour cactuses
45
What did Darwin observe on woodpecker finches
They use twigs or cactus spines to extract insects from holes in dead tree branches
46
What did Darwin observe on Ground Finches
Thick and wide beaks for crushing hard seeds (Bigger the beak More crushing seed)
47
What did Darwin Observe on Tree finches
Grasping beaks for picking up insects
48
What did Darwin observe at Cocos Islands
20 spp of plant 1 spp lizard 13 spp insect
49
Prof. Richard Owen looked at
Fossil specimens
50
Rev Leonard Jenyns Looked at
Fish
51
Mr. Thomas Bell looked at
Reptiles
52
MR. John Gould
Birds
53
Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker
Plants
54
What did Richard Owen mainly look at
Toxodon Platentis in South America A giant Rodent It was morphologically similar to a giant capybara
55
What was Toxodon Plantentis morphologically similar to
Capybara
56
Macrauchenia patachonica
Large mammal herbivore Resembles a humpless camel with a short trunk but not closely related to camels or elephants
57
What is Macrauchenia closely related to
llama
58
Glypodon (1839)
Giant armadillo
59
What did Darwin say about Glyptodon
Armadillo evolved from the Glypodon
60
Floreana Birds
Bigger, darker and larger beak
61
What book did Darwin write
Journals at sea
62
What was journals at sea about
Different varieties of one specie
63
What were Darwins observations on mocking birds of South America
Species might chance Different varitieies of mockingbirds on different islands
64
Artificial Breeding
Darwins evidence of common ancestor Providrd evidence to Darwin that mammals shared a common ancestry
65
Thomas malthus
Essay on the principle of population
66
What did Thomas Malthus say
Human populations will outgrow food supply and individuals must compete for resources
67
Observation 1 of Dawins Natural Selection
For any species, population sizes would continue to increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced successfully
68
Observation 2 of Darwins Natural Selection
Nonetheless, populations tend to remain stable in size for seasonal fluctuations
69
Observation 3 of Darwins Natural Selection
Resources are limited
70
Inference 1 of Darwins Natural Selection
Production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving each generation In short: Many individuals die without reproducing
71
Observation 4
Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no individuals are exactly alike
72
observation 5
Much of this variation is Heritable
73
Inference 2
Survival depends in part on inherited traits. Individuals whose inherited traits give them high probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment have higher fitness and are likely to leave more offspring then less fit individuals
74
Inference 3 of Natural Selection
This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in a population with favourable characteristics accumulating over generations
75
What did Alfred Russel Wallace come up with
Batesian Mimicry
76
Alfred Wallace was the ___________ of modern evolutionary theory
Co founder
77

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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