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Biology 121 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When was Planet Earth formed

A

4.6 Billion years ago

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2
Q

Why is Earth a habitable place?

A
  1. Surface was molten lava (temperatures 700-1200)
  2. Bombardment by meteors and lightning
  3. Volcanoes released gases
  4. No free oxygen at first
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3
Q

What did the volcanoes mostly release

A

Nitrogen

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4
Q

How lond did it take for water to accumulate

A

First half billion years (500 million years)

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5
Q

EONS in order

A

Haden
Archaean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic

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6
Q

When did first fossil life occur

A

3.5 million years ago

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7
Q

Haden

A

First EON
Earths gravity changed
Atmosphere formed, gases from volcanic activity retained

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8
Q

When was earth inhospitable for life

A

Haden

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9
Q

Time period of Haden

A

4600 million - 3600 million

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10
Q

During which EON did first life form

A

Archaen

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11
Q

Time period of Archean

A

3600 - 2500

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12
Q

Proterozoic

A

2500 million - 543 million

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13
Q

Phanerozoic

A

543 million to present

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14
Q

When did the Earths surface begin to cool

A

Between 4.6 to 2.5 billion years
During Haden and Archean periods

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15
Q

EONS in order

A

Haden
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic

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16
Q

Eras of Phanerozoic eon

A

Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic

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17
Q

Periods of EONS

A

Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian

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18
Q

In which EON did Oceans begin to form

A

Haden

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19
Q

In which EON Rhodinia formed

A

Proterozoic

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20
Q

Rhodenia

A

Land forming

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21
Q

First land masses raised above oceans by __________ movement in ____________ EON

A

Tectonic plate , Early Archean

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22
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Origin of life

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23
Q

Life arose from ___________

A

non living matter

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24
Q

Panspermia

A

Hypothesis which was rejected

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25
Q

Hypotheis of Panspermia

A

The earth was seeded with primitive life forms form other planets; transported by a meteors, asteroids or comets

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26
Q

First living Organism

A

LUCA

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27
Q

Characteristics of LUCA

A

Unicellular
Prokaryote
Extermophile
Asexual reproduction
Heterotrophic

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28
Q

First Life began in __________

A

Oceans

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29
Q

Ancient Earth was a ____________

A

Water world

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30
Q

What was needed to occur to form a living cell

A
  1. Organic Molecules (nucleotides and amino acids)
  2. Nucleotides and amino acids combined to form DNA, RNA and proteins
  3. Polymers became enclosed membranes (Protobiont)
  4. Protobionts evolved cellular properties
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31
Q

Protobiont

A

Building the characteristic of living things

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32
Q

Hypotheis for Origin of Organic molecules

A

Extraterrestrial Hypotheis
Reducing atmosphere Hypothesis
Deep sea vent hypothesis

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33
Q

Extraterrestrial Hypotheis

A

Organic compounds transsported to Earth from other planets in our solar system with the same molecules

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34
Q

Reducing Hypothesis was proposed by

A

Aleksandr Oparin
John (J.B.S.) Haldane

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35
Q

Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis

A

Earth had a reducing atmosphere containing H2, CH4, NH3 and water vapour with high energy sourced led to the formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules
No OXYGEN was present

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36
Q

Primordial soup

A

Organic molecules became concentrated in oceans producing a prebiotic soup

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37
Q

Abiotic synthesis is a _______ process

A

Slow

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38
Q

How was reducing hypothesis tested

A

Miller - Urey Experiment

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39
Q

Conlusion of Miller Urey experiment

A

YES ORGANIC MOLECULES
NOOOOOO FORM OF LIFE

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40
Q

Deep sea hydrothermal vents

A

Hotsprings produced by volcanoes located as spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries
Discovered in 1970s

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41
Q

Deep sea Hydrothermal vent hypothesis

A

Formation of Organic molecules (chemical building blocks of life)

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42
Q

Who came up with Depp Sea Hydrothermal Vent Hypotheis

A

Gunter Wachtershauser

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43
Q

Deep sea hydrothermal vents

A

Emit bursts of mineral rich water at 400 degreed

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44
Q

Vent fluids

A

CO2 + H2 + CH4 + H2S

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45
Q

Black Smoker System

A

Interaction of seawater and vent fluids
Mineral rich water (400 degrees celsius)

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46
Q

Magnetic Volatiles

A

CO2 + H2O + He + CO

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47
Q

Yields of Black smoker system

A

CO2, H2, CH4 and H2S

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48
Q

Lost City System

A

Yields limestine
More Alkaline, less acidic than black smoker system
More suitable location of first life

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49
Q

Criteria of formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules

A
  1. Organic molecules became concentrated around deep sea vents producing primordial soup
  2. Abiotic synthesis (formation) of these molecules is a slow process
  3. No oxygen was present, so there was no oxidation (breakdown) of organic molecules
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50
Q

Were the first organisms Autotrophic and Heterotrophic

A

Anaerobic Heterotrophs became simpler for primitive cells to use

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51
Q

Anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs

A

Metabolized pre existing organic molecules
Modern Heterotrophs are mostly aerobic eukaryotes that metabolize pre existing organic molecules by oxidation

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52
Q

Anaerobic Chemoautotrophs use ____________

A

Chemosynthesis

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53
Q

Process of making methane

A

Methanogenesis

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54
Q

Methanogens are usually ______________

A

Extremophiles that live in environments such as volcanic hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents

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55
Q

Anaerobic Photoautotrophs

A

photosynthesis
or use the light produced form heat form underwater volcanic activity

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56
Q

Some ______________ bacteria can photosynthesize using the dim glow of light produced by sea vents

A

Green sulphur

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57
Q

Anerotbic photoautotrophs use

A

Hydrogen Sulfide
Requires light
Strictly anaerobic

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58
Q

Anoxygenic photosythesis

A

Fixing CO2 to compounds
No oxygen is produced

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59
Q

Example aerobic photoautotrophs

A

Cyanobacteria (Anabena)

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60
Q

Aerobic photoautotrophs

A

Creates lots of free oxygen
Caused crisis as huge amounts of toxic O2 released

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61
Q

Oxygen is poisonous to __________

A

An aerobic purple bacteria

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62
Q

Stromatolites

A

3-3.5 Billion years ago
Microbial mediated rocks
Community of microbes forms mats and secreted a mucus that traps sedimentary grains, cementing them into layers. The upper part of the mat requires photosynthesis, the mat migrates upwards, leaving the layers

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63
Q

Where are stromatolites found

A

Hot and hyper saline environments

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64
Q

Why are cyanobacteria dope?

A
  • Most ancient aerobic photoautotrophs
  • Present 3 - 3.5 billion years ago
  • most dominant life form for more than 1.5 million years
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65
Q

2 significant impacts off cyanobacteria

A
  1. Produced organic molecules from CO2
  2. Produced O2 as waste product
  3. Played a key role in Eukaryotic evolution
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66
Q

Advantage of producing organic molecules from CO2

A

Prevented depletion of organic food stuffs that would have been exhausted if there were only heterotrophs

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67
Q

When new O2 levels increased

A

Early Proterozoic

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68
Q

Who came up with Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Dr. Lynn Margulis
The origin of Eukaryotes

69
Q

First Step of ENB

A

infolding of plasma membrane - Nucleus and Endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

First event of ENB

A

Consumed aerobic bacteria which evolved into mitochondria

71
Q

Second event of ENB

A

Consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts

72
Q

First Eukaryotes were _________ like Kingdom _____________

A

Unicellular , Protista

73
Q

Origin of Multicellularity

A

Evolved independently several times

74
Q

Key events in Proterozoic Eon

A
  1. Appearance of first Eukaryotes
  2. Appearance of first multicellular eukaryotes
75
Q

What theory is the most plausible to prove multicellularity

A

Colonial Theory

76
Q

Kingdom of Domain Eukarya

A

Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animilia

77
Q

How groups are protists divided into

A

7

78
Q

Charophyta

A

Freshwater Green Algae
Land plants evolved from Charophyta

79
Q

Land plants evolved from ___________

A

Charophyta

80
Q

3 criteria for Land plants evolved from Charophytes

A
  1. Similar Structure of motile sperm to those in land plants with flagellated sperm
  2. Similar cell wall producing events during cell divisions
  3. Presence of spropollenin in charophyte zygotes and land plant spored
81
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Molecule that forms a protective barrier that prevents closed structures (zygotes, spores) from desiccation

82
Q

In which era did first fossil evidence of terrestrial fungi from

A

Devonian era

83
Q

Fungi was a dominant land form during

A

Permian era

84
Q

What happen Phanerozoic eon

A

Abrupt increase in biodiversity (Cambrian explosion)

85
Q

Protoanimals

A

Pre animals

86
Q

Characteristics of Protoanimals

A

No hard shells or skeletons
No mouth, gut or sense organs
Most were probably not the ancestors of any animals living today

87
Q

Which era did animals begin to exist

A

Cambrian

88
Q

Plants invaded land before _________

A

Animals

89
Q

First land plants were probably ________

A

Bryophytes

90
Q

Characteristics of early land plants

A

Small and restricted to moist habitats
Required water for sperm to swim to eggs
Weak support tissues in stem to resit the pull of gravity
No vascular tissue
No waterproof cuticle

91
Q

When did colonization of land by plants begin

A

Ordovician period

92
Q

Name of first vascular plants

A

Cooksonia

93
Q

When did first vascular plants begin to occur

A

Mid Silurian and Devonian period

94
Q

Vascular tissue was important for

A

Upward transport of water and minerals

95
Q

What happen at the end of Devonian era

A

Gymnosperms first appeared

96
Q

First angiosperms occurred in the

A

Jurassic era

97
Q

First animals making it to land

A

Anthropoda

98
Q

First genus to have colonized by land

A

Silurian millipede

99
Q

Behavioural adaptations of anthropods to avoid desiccation

A
  1. Living in damp humid habitats
  2. Burrowing deeper into the substrate
  3. Avoid Sun - Nocturnal
100
Q

Euthycarcinoids

A

Jointed appendages ( legs, antennae, multiple mouth parts)
Walked on legs and dragged a spiked tail
Body was not supported by water
A marine group of arthropods that moved to freshwater

101
Q

Euthycarcinoids moved onto land based on ________________

A

Fossilized tracks

102
Q

Euthycarcinoids were ___________

A

Amphibious

103
Q

Euthycarcinoids gave rise to _____________

A

Myriapods

104
Q

2 things myriapods had

A
  1. Exoskeleton
  2. Gills
105
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Found in myriapods
Important for water balance

106
Q

Gills

A

New respiratory system

107
Q

What does the gils consist of

A

Trachae and spiracles that open and close

108
Q

First Animals to colonize land

A

Silurian millipeds

109
Q

Behavioural Adaptations of Silurian millipedes

A
  1. Living in damo humid habitats
  2. Burrowing deeper into the substrate
  3. Avoiding Sun (Nocturnal)
110
Q

How did silurian millipedes had babies

A

Sex (No water required )

111
Q

Anthropods make up to _______ of land animals

A

75%

112
Q

Colonization of land by plants (Non Vascular) happen in ___________

A

Ordovician

113
Q

Colonization of land by non invertebrate animals

A

Ordovician

114
Q

First vascular plants showed up in

A

Silurian

115
Q

When did vertebrates first invade land

A

Late Devonian

116
Q

______________ were the first tetrapods vertebrates to colonize land

A

Amphibians

117
Q

Tetrapods

A

Vertebrates with 2 pairs of legs as opposed to fins

118
Q

Importance of wetlands occurred in

A

Devonian

119
Q

Importance of wetlands

A

Exploitation of these stable and productive wetlands were a driving force behind the evolution of tetrapods
Fish began to exploit these stable and productive shallow water

120
Q

Amphibians that invaded land evolved from _____________

A

Sarcopterygians

121
Q

Sarcopterygians had terrestrial features like

A

Pectoral and pelvic fins were lobed and strengthened internally by bones

122
Q

What were the first animals to colonize land

A

Anthropods

123
Q

Anthropods were

A

Invertebrates

124
Q

Ancestor Sarcoptrerygian fish

A

Tiktaalik

125
Q

Tiktaalok

A

Transition between fish and tetrapods

126
Q

Chracteristics of titaakik

A

had both gills and lungs
Amphibian bidy plan

127
Q

Amphibian body plan was evolved in ____________ and adapted to life in ___________

A

Water

128
Q

Acanthostega

A

Tetrapod limbs
Probably more effective than fins in navigating shallow, water filled wetlands

129
Q

Acanthostega had both _______ features and ___________ features

A

Fish , Tetrapod

130
Q

Fish like features Acanthostega

A
  • Gills bars like a fish
  • No true elbows, kneed wrists to ankles
  • Long fin rays around tail
131
Q

Ichthyostega came after

A

Acanthostega

132
Q

Amphibians were not able to colonize dried terrestrial habitats because

A

Skin was more permeable to water loss

133
Q

Amphibians flourished during

A

Carboniferous and Permian

134
Q

Amohibiabs required _________ environment for reproduction

A

moist

135
Q

Reproductive Characteritics of Amphibians

A

Mating occurs in water
External Fertilization

136
Q

10-12 species of frog have evolved from

A

Internal Fertilization

137
Q

Limonecetus larvaeparatus

A

Internal fertilization and Live birth of tadpoles

138
Q

Amplexus

A

Sex but no penetration

139
Q

Rheobatrachus Silus

A

Southern Gastric frog
Swallows fertilized eggs

140
Q

Why do females swallow fertilized eggs

A

To protect them and eggs will develop in mother
Now extinct

141
Q

Darwins frog

A

male engulf eggs and store in voice sac

142
Q

First Reptiles appeared at the end of

A

Carboniferous

143
Q

Reptiles diversified in _______

A

Permian

144
Q

Ancestral of Reptiles

A

Cotylosaurus

145
Q

Why were retiles well adapted for terrestrial habitats

A
  1. Waterproof skin covered by scales
  2. Internal Fertilization
  3. Lay amniote eggs
146
Q

Key adaptation of laying amniotic eggs

A

Covered by protective leathery shell
- Prevents eggs from flattening out when laid on land
- Reduces dessication
- Provides physical protection for egg

147
Q

Mammals evolved from

A

Reptiles

148
Q

Mammales specifically evolved from

A

Pelycosaur

149
Q

Within the egg of a reptile there is ________

A

Amnion

150
Q

Dinosaurs evolved from __________ in __________ of Mesozoic era

A

Reptiles
Triassic

151
Q

Birds evolved from ________ in __________ period

A

Dinosaurs
Jurassic

152
Q

Ornithischians

A

Bird hipped dinosaurs

153
Q

What did Ornithischians eat

A

Herbivores

154
Q

Saurischians

A

Lizard hipped dinosaurs

155
Q

Theropods

A

Carnivores

156
Q

2 GROUPS OF Saurischians

A

Theropods
Sauropods

157
Q

Suropods

A

Herbivores

158
Q

Example of Ornithischians

A

Triceratops

159
Q

Example of Theropods

A

Tyrannosaurus

160
Q

Example of Sauropods

A

Apatosaurus

161
Q

Saurischians gave rise to _________

A

Birds

162
Q

Achaeopteryx

A

Transition from reptile to bird

163
Q

mammals evolved by ___________ In ___________ period of _________ era

A

reptiles
Triassic
Mesozoic

164
Q

Dinosaurs were extinct st the end of

A

Cretaceous period

165
Q

How were dinosaurs extinct

A

Asteroif or commet stuck earth in present day Mexico

166
Q

Key impact of the asteroid

A

Global earthquakes
Volcanic activity
Huge tsunamis

167
Q

Long term effects of asteroids

A

Shrouded the planet by dRKESS
no photosynthesis

168
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Flying reptiles

169
Q

Pleisosaurus

A

Marine reptiles

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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