Module 5 Flashcards
When was Planet Earth formed
4.6 Billion years ago
Why is Earth a habitable place?
- Surface was molten lava (temperatures 700-1200)
- Bombardment by meteors and lightning
- Volcanoes released gases
- No free oxygen at first
What did the volcanoes mostly release
Nitrogen
How lond did it take for water to accumulate
First half billion years (500 million years)
EONS in order
Haden
Archaean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
When did first fossil life occur
3.5 million years ago
Haden
First EON
Earths gravity changed
Atmosphere formed, gases from volcanic activity retained
When was earth inhospitable for life
Haden
Time period of Haden
4600 million - 3600 million
During which EON did first life form
Archaen
Time period of Archean
3600 - 2500
Proterozoic
2500 million - 543 million
Phanerozoic
543 million to present
When did the Earths surface begin to cool
Between 4.6 to 2.5 billion years
During Haden and Archean periods
EONS in order
Haden
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
Eras of Phanerozoic eon
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Periods of EONS
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
In which EON did Oceans begin to form
Haden
In which EON Rhodinia formed
Proterozoic
Rhodenia
Land forming
First land masses raised above oceans by __________ movement in ____________ EON
Tectonic plate , Early Archean
Abiogenesis
Origin of life
Life arose from ___________
non living matter
Panspermia
Hypothesis which was rejected
Hypotheis of Panspermia
The earth was seeded with primitive life forms form other planets; transported by a meteors, asteroids or comets
First living Organism
LUCA
Characteristics of LUCA
Unicellular
Prokaryote
Extermophile
Asexual reproduction
Heterotrophic
First Life began in __________
Oceans
Ancient Earth was a ____________
Water world
What was needed to occur to form a living cell
- Organic Molecules (nucleotides and amino acids)
- Nucleotides and amino acids combined to form DNA, RNA and proteins
- Polymers became enclosed membranes (Protobiont)
- Protobionts evolved cellular properties
Protobiont
Building the characteristic of living things
Hypotheis for Origin of Organic molecules
Extraterrestrial Hypotheis
Reducing atmosphere Hypothesis
Deep sea vent hypothesis
Extraterrestrial Hypotheis
Organic compounds transsported to Earth from other planets in our solar system with the same molecules
Reducing Hypothesis was proposed by
Aleksandr Oparin
John (J.B.S.) Haldane
Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis
Earth had a reducing atmosphere containing H2, CH4, NH3 and water vapour with high energy sourced led to the formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules
No OXYGEN was present
Primordial soup
Organic molecules became concentrated in oceans producing a prebiotic soup
Abiotic synthesis is a _______ process
Slow
How was reducing hypothesis tested
Miller - Urey Experiment
Conlusion of Miller Urey experiment
YES ORGANIC MOLECULES
NOOOOOO FORM OF LIFE
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Hotsprings produced by volcanoes located as spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries
Discovered in 1970s
Deep sea Hydrothermal vent hypothesis
Formation of Organic molecules (chemical building blocks of life)
Who came up with Depp Sea Hydrothermal Vent Hypotheis
Gunter Wachtershauser
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Emit bursts of mineral rich water at 400 degreed
Vent fluids
CO2 + H2 + CH4 + H2S
Black Smoker System
Interaction of seawater and vent fluids
Mineral rich water (400 degrees celsius)
Magnetic Volatiles
CO2 + H2O + He + CO
Yields of Black smoker system
CO2, H2, CH4 and H2S
Lost City System
Yields limestine
More Alkaline, less acidic than black smoker system
More suitable location of first life
Criteria of formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules
- Organic molecules became concentrated around deep sea vents producing primordial soup
- Abiotic synthesis (formation) of these molecules is a slow process
- No oxygen was present, so there was no oxidation (breakdown) of organic molecules
Were the first organisms Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
Anaerobic Heterotrophs became simpler for primitive cells to use
Anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs
Metabolized pre existing organic molecules
Modern Heterotrophs are mostly aerobic eukaryotes that metabolize pre existing organic molecules by oxidation
Anaerobic Chemoautotrophs use ____________
Chemosynthesis
Process of making methane
Methanogenesis
Methanogens are usually ______________
Extremophiles that live in environments such as volcanic hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents
Anaerobic Photoautotrophs
photosynthesis
or use the light produced form heat form underwater volcanic activity
Some ______________ bacteria can photosynthesize using the dim glow of light produced by sea vents
Green sulphur
Anerotbic photoautotrophs use
Hydrogen Sulfide
Requires light
Strictly anaerobic
Anoxygenic photosythesis
Fixing CO2 to compounds
No oxygen is produced
Example aerobic photoautotrophs
Cyanobacteria (Anabena)
Aerobic photoautotrophs
Creates lots of free oxygen
Caused crisis as huge amounts of toxic O2 released
Oxygen is poisonous to __________
An aerobic purple bacteria
Stromatolites
3-3.5 Billion years ago
Microbial mediated rocks
Community of microbes forms mats and secreted a mucus that traps sedimentary grains, cementing them into layers. The upper part of the mat requires photosynthesis, the mat migrates upwards, leaving the layers
Where are stromatolites found
Hot and hyper saline environments
Why are cyanobacteria dope?
- Most ancient aerobic photoautotrophs
- Present 3 - 3.5 billion years ago
- most dominant life form for more than 1.5 million years
2 significant impacts off cyanobacteria
- Produced organic molecules from CO2
- Produced O2 as waste product
- Played a key role in Eukaryotic evolution
Advantage of producing organic molecules from CO2
Prevented depletion of organic food stuffs that would have been exhausted if there were only heterotrophs
When new O2 levels increased
Early Proterozoic
Who came up with Endosymbiotic Theory
Dr. Lynn Margulis
The origin of Eukaryotes
First Step of ENB
infolding of plasma membrane - Nucleus and Endoplasmic reticulum
First event of ENB
Consumed aerobic bacteria which evolved into mitochondria
Second event of ENB
Consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts
First Eukaryotes were _________ like Kingdom _____________
Unicellular , Protista
Origin of Multicellularity
Evolved independently several times
Key events in Proterozoic Eon
- Appearance of first Eukaryotes
- Appearance of first multicellular eukaryotes
What theory is the most plausible to prove multicellularity
Colonial Theory
Kingdom of Domain Eukarya
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animilia
How groups are protists divided into
7
Charophyta
Freshwater Green Algae
Land plants evolved from Charophyta
Land plants evolved from ___________
Charophyta
3 criteria for Land plants evolved from Charophytes
- Similar Structure of motile sperm to those in land plants with flagellated sperm
- Similar cell wall producing events during cell divisions
- Presence of spropollenin in charophyte zygotes and land plant spored
Sporopollenin
Molecule that forms a protective barrier that prevents closed structures (zygotes, spores) from desiccation
In which era did first fossil evidence of terrestrial fungi from
Devonian era
Fungi was a dominant land form during
Permian era
What happen Phanerozoic eon
Abrupt increase in biodiversity (Cambrian explosion)
Protoanimals
Pre animals
Characteristics of Protoanimals
No hard shells or skeletons
No mouth, gut or sense organs
Most were probably not the ancestors of any animals living today
Which era did animals begin to exist
Cambrian
Plants invaded land before _________
Animals
First land plants were probably ________
Bryophytes
Characteristics of early land plants
Small and restricted to moist habitats
Required water for sperm to swim to eggs
Weak support tissues in stem to resit the pull of gravity
No vascular tissue
No waterproof cuticle
When did colonization of land by plants begin
Ordovician period
Name of first vascular plants
Cooksonia
When did first vascular plants begin to occur
Mid Silurian and Devonian period
Vascular tissue was important for
Upward transport of water and minerals
What happen at the end of Devonian era
Gymnosperms first appeared
First angiosperms occurred in the
Jurassic era
First animals making it to land
Anthropoda
First genus to have colonized by land
Silurian millipede
Behavioural adaptations of anthropods to avoid desiccation
- Living in damp humid habitats
- Burrowing deeper into the substrate
- Avoid Sun - Nocturnal
Euthycarcinoids
Jointed appendages ( legs, antennae, multiple mouth parts)
Walked on legs and dragged a spiked tail
Body was not supported by water
A marine group of arthropods that moved to freshwater
Euthycarcinoids moved onto land based on ________________
Fossilized tracks
Euthycarcinoids were ___________
Amphibious
Euthycarcinoids gave rise to _____________
Myriapods
2 things myriapods had
- Exoskeleton
- Gills
Exoskeleton
Found in myriapods
Important for water balance
Gills
New respiratory system
What does the gils consist of
Trachae and spiracles that open and close
First Animals to colonize land
Silurian millipeds
Behavioural Adaptations of Silurian millipedes
- Living in damo humid habitats
- Burrowing deeper into the substrate
- Avoiding Sun (Nocturnal)
How did silurian millipedes had babies
Sex (No water required )
Anthropods make up to _______ of land animals
75%
Colonization of land by plants (Non Vascular) happen in ___________
Ordovician
Colonization of land by non invertebrate animals
Ordovician
First vascular plants showed up in
Silurian
When did vertebrates first invade land
Late Devonian
______________ were the first tetrapods vertebrates to colonize land
Amphibians
Tetrapods
Vertebrates with 2 pairs of legs as opposed to fins
Importance of wetlands occurred in
Devonian
Importance of wetlands
Exploitation of these stable and productive wetlands were a driving force behind the evolution of tetrapods
Fish began to exploit these stable and productive shallow water
Amphibians that invaded land evolved from _____________
Sarcopterygians
Sarcopterygians had terrestrial features like
Pectoral and pelvic fins were lobed and strengthened internally by bones
What were the first animals to colonize land
Anthropods
Anthropods were
Invertebrates
Ancestor Sarcoptrerygian fish
Tiktaalik
Tiktaalok
Transition between fish and tetrapods
Chracteristics of titaakik
had both gills and lungs
Amphibian bidy plan
Amphibian body plan was evolved in ____________ and adapted to life in ___________
Water
Acanthostega
Tetrapod limbs
Probably more effective than fins in navigating shallow, water filled wetlands
Acanthostega had both _______ features and ___________ features
Fish , Tetrapod
Fish like features Acanthostega
- Gills bars like a fish
- No true elbows, kneed wrists to ankles
- Long fin rays around tail
Ichthyostega came after
Acanthostega
Amphibians were not able to colonize dried terrestrial habitats because
Skin was more permeable to water loss
Amphibians flourished during
Carboniferous and Permian
Amohibiabs required _________ environment for reproduction
moist
Reproductive Characteritics of Amphibians
Mating occurs in water
External Fertilization
10-12 species of frog have evolved from
Internal Fertilization
Limonecetus larvaeparatus
Internal fertilization and Live birth of tadpoles
Amplexus
Sex but no penetration
Rheobatrachus Silus
Southern Gastric frog
Swallows fertilized eggs
Why do females swallow fertilized eggs
To protect them and eggs will develop in mother
Now extinct
Darwins frog
male engulf eggs and store in voice sac
First Reptiles appeared at the end of
Carboniferous
Reptiles diversified in _______
Permian
Ancestral of Reptiles
Cotylosaurus
Why were retiles well adapted for terrestrial habitats
- Waterproof skin covered by scales
- Internal Fertilization
- Lay amniote eggs
Key adaptation of laying amniotic eggs
Covered by protective leathery shell
- Prevents eggs from flattening out when laid on land
- Reduces dessication
- Provides physical protection for egg
Mammals evolved from
Reptiles
Mammales specifically evolved from
Pelycosaur
Within the egg of a reptile there is ________
Amnion
Dinosaurs evolved from __________ in __________ of Mesozoic era
Reptiles
Triassic
Birds evolved from ________ in __________ period
Dinosaurs
Jurassic
Ornithischians
Bird hipped dinosaurs
What did Ornithischians eat
Herbivores
Saurischians
Lizard hipped dinosaurs
Theropods
Carnivores
2 GROUPS OF Saurischians
Theropods
Sauropods
Suropods
Herbivores
Example of Ornithischians
Triceratops
Example of Theropods
Tyrannosaurus
Example of Sauropods
Apatosaurus
Saurischians gave rise to _________
Birds
Achaeopteryx
Transition from reptile to bird
mammals evolved by ___________ In ___________ period of _________ era
reptiles
Triassic
Mesozoic
Dinosaurs were extinct st the end of
Cretaceous period
How were dinosaurs extinct
Asteroif or commet stuck earth in present day Mexico
Key impact of the asteroid
Global earthquakes
Volcanic activity
Huge tsunamis
Long term effects of asteroids
Shrouded the planet by dRKESS
no photosynthesis
Pterosaurs
Flying reptiles
Pleisosaurus
Marine reptiles