Module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
When was Planet Earth formed
A
4.6 Billion years ago
2
Q
Why is Earth a habitable place?
A
- Surface was molten lava (temperatures 700-1200)
- Bombardment by meteors and lightning
- Volcanoes released gases
- No free oxygen at first
3
Q
What did the volcanoes mostly release
A
Nitrogen
4
Q
How lond did it take for water to accumulate
A
First half billion years (500 million years)
5
Q
EONS in order
A
Haden
Archaean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
6
Q
When did first fossil life occur
A
3.5 million years ago
7
Q
Haden
A
First EON
Earths gravity changed
Atmosphere formed, gases from volcanic activity retained
8
Q
When was earth inhospitable for life
A
Haden
9
Q
Time period of Haden
A
4600 million - 3600 million
10
Q
During which EON did first life form
A
Archaen
11
Q
Time period of Archean
A
3600 - 2500
12
Q
Proterozoic
A
2500 million - 543 million
13
Q
Phanerozoic
A
543 million to present
14
Q
When did the Earths surface begin to cool
A
Between 4.6 to 2.5 billion years
During Haden and Archean periods
15
Q
EONS in order
A
Haden
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
16
Q
Eras of Phanerozoic eon
A
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
17
Q
Periods of EONS
A
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
18
Q
In which EON did Oceans begin to form
A
Haden
19
Q
In which EON Rhodinia formed
A
Proterozoic
20
Q
Rhodenia
A
Land forming
21
Q
First land masses raised above oceans by __________ movement in ____________ EON
A
Tectonic plate , Early Archean
22
Q
Abiogenesis
A
Origin of life
23
Q
Life arose from ___________
A
non living matter
24
Q
Panspermia
A
Hypothesis which was rejected
25
Hypotheis of Panspermia
The earth was seeded with primitive life forms form other planets; transported by a meteors, asteroids or comets
26
First living Organism
LUCA
27
Characteristics of LUCA
Unicellular
Prokaryote
Extermophile
Asexual reproduction
Heterotrophic
28
First Life began in __________
Oceans
29
Ancient Earth was a ____________
Water world
30
What was needed to occur to form a living cell
1. Organic Molecules (nucleotides and amino acids)
2. Nucleotides and amino acids combined to form DNA, RNA and proteins
3. Polymers became enclosed membranes (Protobiont)
4. Protobionts evolved cellular properties
31
Protobiont
Building the characteristic of living things
32
Hypotheis for Origin of Organic molecules
Extraterrestrial Hypotheis
Reducing atmosphere Hypothesis
Deep sea vent hypothesis
33
Extraterrestrial Hypotheis
Organic compounds transsported to Earth from other planets in our solar system with the same molecules
34
Reducing Hypothesis was proposed by
Aleksandr Oparin
John (J.B.S.) Haldane
35
Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis
Earth had a reducing atmosphere containing H2, CH4, NH3 and water vapour with high energy sourced led to the formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules
No OXYGEN was present
36
Primordial soup
Organic molecules became concentrated in oceans producing a prebiotic soup
37
Abiotic synthesis is a _______ process
Slow
38
How was reducing hypothesis tested
Miller - Urey Experiment
39
Conlusion of Miller Urey experiment
YES ORGANIC MOLECULES
NOOOOOO FORM OF LIFE
40
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Hotsprings produced by volcanoes located as spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries
Discovered in 1970s
41
Deep sea Hydrothermal vent hypothesis
Formation of Organic molecules (chemical building blocks of life)
42
Who came up with Depp Sea Hydrothermal Vent Hypotheis
Gunter Wachtershauser
43
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Emit bursts of mineral rich water at 400 degreed
44
Vent fluids
CO2 + H2 + CH4 + H2S
45
Black Smoker System
Interaction of seawater and vent fluids
Mineral rich water (400 degrees celsius)
46
Magnetic Volatiles
CO2 + H2O + He + CO
47
Yields of Black smoker system
CO2, H2, CH4 and H2S
48
Lost City System
Yields limestine
More Alkaline, less acidic than black smoker system
More suitable location of first life
49
Criteria of formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules
1. Organic molecules became concentrated around deep sea vents producing primordial soup
2. Abiotic synthesis (formation) of these molecules is a slow process
3. No oxygen was present, so there was no oxidation (breakdown) of organic molecules
50
Were the first organisms Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
Anaerobic Heterotrophs became simpler for primitive cells to use
51
Anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs
Metabolized pre existing organic molecules
Modern Heterotrophs are mostly aerobic eukaryotes that metabolize pre existing organic molecules by oxidation
52
Anaerobic Chemoautotrophs use ____________
Chemosynthesis
53
Process of making methane
Methanogenesis
54
Methanogens are usually ______________
Extremophiles that live in environments such as volcanic hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents
55
Anaerobic Photoautotrophs
photosynthesis
or use the light produced form heat form underwater volcanic activity
56
Some ______________ bacteria can photosynthesize using the dim glow of light produced by sea vents
Green sulphur
57
Anerotbic photoautotrophs use
Hydrogen Sulfide
Requires light
Strictly anaerobic
58
Anoxygenic photosythesis
Fixing CO2 to compounds
No oxygen is produced
59
Example aerobic photoautotrophs
Cyanobacteria (Anabena)
60
Aerobic photoautotrophs
Creates lots of free oxygen
Caused crisis as huge amounts of toxic O2 released
61
Oxygen is poisonous to __________
An aerobic purple bacteria
62
Stromatolites
3-3.5 Billion years ago
Microbial mediated rocks
Community of microbes forms mats and secreted a mucus that traps sedimentary grains, cementing them into layers. The upper part of the mat requires photosynthesis, the mat migrates upwards, leaving the layers
63
Where are stromatolites found
Hot and hyper saline environments
64
Why are cyanobacteria dope?
- Most ancient aerobic photoautotrophs
- Present 3 - 3.5 billion years ago
- most dominant life form for more than 1.5 million years
65
2 significant impacts off cyanobacteria
1. Produced organic molecules from CO2
2. Produced O2 as waste product
3. Played a key role in Eukaryotic evolution
66
Advantage of producing organic molecules from CO2
Prevented depletion of organic food stuffs that would have been exhausted if there were only heterotrophs
67
When new O2 levels increased
Early Proterozoic
68
Who came up with Endosymbiotic Theory
Dr. Lynn Margulis
The origin of Eukaryotes
69
First Step of ENB
infolding of plasma membrane - Nucleus and Endoplasmic reticulum
70
First event of ENB
Consumed aerobic bacteria which evolved into mitochondria
71
Second event of ENB
Consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts
72
First Eukaryotes were _________ like Kingdom _____________
Unicellular , Protista
73
Origin of Multicellularity
Evolved independently several times
74
Key events in Proterozoic Eon
1. Appearance of first Eukaryotes
2. Appearance of first multicellular eukaryotes
75
What theory is the most plausible to prove multicellularity
Colonial Theory
76
Kingdom of Domain Eukarya
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animilia
77
How groups are protists divided into
7
78
Charophyta
Freshwater Green Algae
Land plants evolved from Charophyta
79
Land plants evolved from ___________
Charophyta
80
3 criteria for Land plants evolved from Charophytes
1. Similar Structure of motile sperm to those in land plants with flagellated sperm
2. Similar cell wall producing events during cell divisions
3. Presence of spropollenin in charophyte zygotes and land plant spored
81
Sporopollenin
Molecule that forms a protective barrier that prevents closed structures (zygotes, spores) from desiccation
82
In which era did first fossil evidence of terrestrial fungi from
Devonian era
83
Fungi was a dominant land form during
Permian era
84
What happen Phanerozoic eon
Abrupt increase in biodiversity (Cambrian explosion)
85
Protoanimals
Pre animals
86
Characteristics of Protoanimals
No hard shells or skeletons
No mouth, gut or sense organs
Most were probably not the ancestors of any animals living today
87
Which era did animals begin to exist
Cambrian
88
Plants invaded land before _________
Animals
89
First land plants were probably ________
Bryophytes
90
Characteristics of early land plants
Small and restricted to moist habitats
Required water for sperm to swim to eggs
Weak support tissues in stem to resit the pull of gravity
No vascular tissue
No waterproof cuticle
91
When did colonization of land by plants begin
Ordovician period
92
Name of first vascular plants
Cooksonia
93
When did first vascular plants begin to occur
Mid Silurian and Devonian period
94
Vascular tissue was important for
Upward transport of water and minerals
95
What happen at the end of Devonian era
Gymnosperms first appeared
96
First angiosperms occurred in the
Jurassic era
97
First animals making it to land
Anthropoda
98
First genus to have colonized by land
Silurian millipede
99
Behavioural adaptations of anthropods to avoid desiccation
1. Living in damp humid habitats
2. Burrowing deeper into the substrate
3. Avoid Sun - Nocturnal
100
Euthycarcinoids
Jointed appendages ( legs, antennae, multiple mouth parts)
Walked on legs and dragged a spiked tail
Body was not supported by water
A marine group of arthropods that moved to freshwater
101
Euthycarcinoids moved onto land based on ________________
Fossilized tracks
102
Euthycarcinoids were ___________
Amphibious
103
Euthycarcinoids gave rise to _____________
Myriapods
104
2 things myriapods had
1. Exoskeleton
2. Gills
105
Exoskeleton
Found in myriapods
Important for water balance
106
Gills
New respiratory system
107
What does the gils consist of
Trachae and spiracles that open and close
108
First Animals to colonize land
Silurian millipeds
109
Behavioural Adaptations of Silurian millipedes
1. Living in damo humid habitats
2. Burrowing deeper into the substrate
3. Avoiding Sun (Nocturnal)
110
How did silurian millipedes had babies
Sex (No water required )
111
Anthropods make up to _______ of land animals
75%
112
Colonization of land by plants (Non Vascular) happen in ___________
Ordovician
113
Colonization of land by non invertebrate animals
Ordovician
114
First vascular plants showed up in
Silurian
115
When did vertebrates first invade land
Late Devonian
116
______________ were the first tetrapods vertebrates to colonize land
Amphibians
117
Tetrapods
Vertebrates with 2 pairs of legs as opposed to fins
118
Importance of wetlands occurred in
Devonian
119
Importance of wetlands
Exploitation of these stable and productive wetlands were a driving force behind the evolution of tetrapods
Fish began to exploit these stable and productive shallow water
120
Amphibians that invaded land evolved from _____________
Sarcopterygians
121
Sarcopterygians had terrestrial features like
Pectoral and pelvic fins were lobed and strengthened internally by bones
122
What were the first animals to colonize land
Anthropods
123
Anthropods were
Invertebrates
124
Ancestor Sarcoptrerygian fish
Tiktaalik
125
Tiktaalok
Transition between fish and tetrapods
126
Chracteristics of titaakik
had both gills and lungs
Amphibian bidy plan
127
Amphibian body plan was evolved in ____________ and adapted to life in ___________
Water
128
Acanthostega
Tetrapod limbs
Probably more effective than fins in navigating shallow, water filled wetlands
129
Acanthostega had both _______ features and ___________ features
Fish , Tetrapod
130
Fish like features Acanthostega
- Gills bars like a fish
- No true elbows, kneed wrists to ankles
- Long fin rays around tail
131
Ichthyostega came after
Acanthostega
132
Amphibians were not able to colonize dried terrestrial habitats because
Skin was more permeable to water loss
133
Amphibians flourished during
Carboniferous and Permian
134
Amohibiabs required _________ environment for reproduction
moist
135
Reproductive Characteritics of Amphibians
Mating occurs in water
External Fertilization
136
10-12 species of frog have evolved from
Internal Fertilization
137
Limonecetus larvaeparatus
Internal fertilization and Live birth of tadpoles
138
Amplexus
Sex but no penetration
139
Rheobatrachus Silus
Southern Gastric frog
Swallows fertilized eggs
140
Why do females swallow fertilized eggs
To protect them and eggs will develop in mother
Now extinct
141
Darwins frog
male engulf eggs and store in voice sac
142
First Reptiles appeared at the end of
Carboniferous
143
Reptiles diversified in _______
Permian
144
Ancestral of Reptiles
Cotylosaurus
145
Why were retiles well adapted for terrestrial habitats
1. Waterproof skin covered by scales
2. Internal Fertilization
3. Lay amniote eggs
146
Key adaptation of laying amniotic eggs
Covered by protective leathery shell
- Prevents eggs from flattening out when laid on land
- Reduces dessication
- Provides physical protection for egg
147
Mammals evolved from
Reptiles
148
Mammales specifically evolved from
Pelycosaur
149
Within the egg of a reptile there is ________
Amnion
150
Dinosaurs evolved from __________ in __________ of Mesozoic era
Reptiles
Triassic
151
Birds evolved from ________ in __________ period
Dinosaurs
Jurassic
152
Ornithischians
Bird hipped dinosaurs
153
What did Ornithischians eat
Herbivores
154
Saurischians
Lizard hipped dinosaurs
155
Theropods
Carnivores
156
2 GROUPS OF Saurischians
Theropods
Sauropods
157
Suropods
Herbivores
158
Example of Ornithischians
Triceratops
159
Example of Theropods
Tyrannosaurus
160
Example of Sauropods
Apatosaurus
161
Saurischians gave rise to _________
Birds
162
Achaeopteryx
Transition from reptile to bird
163
mammals evolved by ___________ In ___________ period of _________ era
reptiles
Triassic
Mesozoic
164
Dinosaurs were extinct st the end of
Cretaceous period
165
How were dinosaurs extinct
Asteroif or commet stuck earth in present day Mexico
166
Key impact of the asteroid
Global earthquakes
Volcanic activity
Huge tsunamis
167
Long term effects of asteroids
Shrouded the planet by dRKESS
no photosynthesis
168
Pterosaurs
Flying reptiles
169
Pleisosaurus
Marine reptiles
