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Biology 121 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Edward Osborne Wilson

A

First to use term biodiversity

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2
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

Diversity describes the variety of habitats present in certain geographical areas

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3
Q

Species Diversity

A

Measure of the number of species and the number of individuals of each species present

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4
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Refers to the total amount of genetic variability present (Most difficult to determine globally even within a species)

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5
Q

Systematics

A

Scietific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them

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6
Q

3 sub disciplines of systematics

A

Taxonomy
Nomenclature
Phylogenetics

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Theory and practice of classifying organisms into a taxa within a hierarchy

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8
Q

Nomenclature

A

Process where scientifc namers are produced for taxa at all hierarchal levels to provide a common ground in which biologists can communicate about specific taxa

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9
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of the evolutionary history or relationships of organisms

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10
Q

First Attempt to classify living organisms came from?

A

Aristotle
Organisms diverse, some more complex than others
Hierarchical ladder of life = Scala naturae

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11
Q

What was the scala naturae based on

A

complexity of structure and function
ability to move
Mode of Transportation (Air land and water)

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12
Q

Carolus Linneaus

A

Classified with 7 levels

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13
Q

7 levels of linneaus

A

Imperium (Empire)
Regnum (Kingdom)
Classis (Class)
Ordo (Order)
Genus
Species
Varietas (Variety

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14
Q

What are the changes ro linneaus scheme and what is the modern classification scheme

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Ordey
Family
Genus
Species

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15
Q

3 Traits of class mammalia

A

Hair: Insulation, aid in sensory touch
Mammary glands: Modified sweat glands
Ear bones: Transmission of vibrations from the typanic membrane to the inner ear

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16
Q

1 trait of order Rodentia

A

Specicific teeth arrangement

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17
Q

2 kingdoms of linneaus

A

Based of photosynthesis or no photosynthesis
Vegetablia
Animalia Unicelluar
Organisms

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18
Q

Ernest Haeckel (3 Kingdoms)

A

Protista
Plantae
Animalia Fungi^

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19
Q

Edoudard Chatton

A

Inroduction of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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20
Q

Herbert Copeland (4 kingdoms)

A

Monera - Pro
Protista - Euk
Plantae - Euk
Animalia - Euk

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21
Q

Robert Whittaker (5 Kingdoms)

A

Monera - Pro
Protista - Euk
Plantae - Euk
Fungi - Euk
Animalia - Euk

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22
Q

What did Carl Woese do

A

Seperation of monera into Eubacteria and Archea
Addition of a new taxonomic rank: Domain

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23
Q

3 domains of Carl Woese

A

Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya

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24
Q

Main differences between bacteria and eukarya

A

Peptidoglycans present in bacteria but not in archea
Ester linked branched in archea and not branched in bacteria

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25
Q

What do Eukaryotes share a common ancestor with

A

Archea

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26
Q

Breakdown Urocitellus richadsonii

A

Uro = tail
Citellus = Ground squirrel
Richardonii - named after the naturalisr Dr. John Richardson

27
Q

Binomial nomenclature system of Linneaus

A

Each type of organism has only one name
No two kinds of organsims bear the same name

28
Q

Two parts of the name

A
  1. Generic (Plural) or Genus(Singular) name
  2. Specific epithet (Trivial name)
29
Q

Person who gave the name

A

Species authority
Always gets credit (Never changes)

30
Q

Genus Authority

A

The person who creates the scietific name

31
Q

3 types of extant mammals

A

Placentals
Marsupials
Monotremes

32
Q

Placentas

A

Most common

33
Q

Marcupials

A

Lack complex placenta
Live birth

34
Q

Monotremes

A

Lay eggs (no live birth)

35
Q

What happens if the same animal is described twice

A

Law of priority: Earlier on is valid. The later one becomes a junior synonym

36
Q

Holotype

A

Single specimen designated as the name bearing type of a species when it was established
Can be male or female
The specimen to which all others are compared
There is a holotype for each species
Once u lost it, u cannot make another one

37
Q

Allotype

A

A specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype
Second most important

38
Q

Paratypes

A

Specimens of the type series other than the holotype
Represenriritve of the key type of specimens
new additions after adding the paratypes group are neither
Must be preserved

39
Q

Type Cultures

A

Can only have one for each speicies
must always remain in a collection

40
Q

What is the role of Natural history museums

A

Catalogues of life
Acquire, conserve, restore, manage and exhibit very important collections of natural history, living organsims, inert collections and databases
Specializing in taxonomy, identification and conservation
Understanding diversity and its origin

41
Q

Lectotype

A

A specimen designed as the type of a species when no holotype

42
Q

What are species

A

Organsims calssified based on their appearence (observable phenotypes)

43
Q

What did theodosius propose

A

Each species in reproductuvely isolated from other species

44
Q

Biological Species concept

A

Ernest Mayr
Species are groups of natural populations whose individuals which are reproductuvely isolated from such groups

45
Q

Interbreeding

A

Sharing a common gene pool and produce a fertile offspring

46
Q

Biological species concept is not applicable to

A

Fossils (Morphological species concept)
Asexually reproducing organsims (a lot of bacteria)

47
Q

Morphological species concept
Ecological species concept

A

Species are defined in terms of their ecological niches, focussing on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community
where you find them, what they require to grow and adaptations

48
Q

Two types of barriers that prevent reproduction

A

Pre zygotic barriers
Post Zygotic barriers

49
Q

5 types of pre zygotic barriers

A

Habitat isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioural Isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gamete Isolation

50
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Species may occupy different habitats so they do not contact with each other.
Being seperated by enviroment

51
Q

Examples of habitat isolation

A

Northwestern garter snakes and ribbon snakes
Bufo Americanus Bufo woodhousei (Frogs)

52
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species have different mating or flowering seasons or times of the day or become sexually mature at different times of year

53
Q

Example of temporal isolation

A

Fidel Crickets
Gryllus Veletis: Matures in spring
Gryllus pennsylanicus: Matures in fall

54
Q

More examples of Temporal Isolation

A

Eastern and Western spotted skunk
No interspecific mating

55
Q

Behavioural Isolation

A

Little to no sexual attraction due to differences in behaviour

56
Q

Example of behavioural isolation

A

Eastern meadowlark and Western Meadowlark
Whistle. Flute
The two species have some sympatry

57
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Structural difference in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer between 2 different species
Many plants have flower structures that are adapted to specific pollinators

58
Q

Gamete isolation

A

Male and female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite

59
Q

3 types of postzygotic barriers

A

Hybrid Inviability
hybrid Sterility
Hybrid breakdown

60
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity
Embryo dies

61
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

hybrid fails to produce functional gametes
There is an offspring but is sterile

62
Q

Example of hybrid sterility

A

Donkey x Horse = Mule

63
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Offspring of hybrids are weal or infertile

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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