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Biology 121 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Edward Osborne Wilson

A

First to use term biodiversity

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2
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

Diversity describes the variety of habitats present in certain geographical areas

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3
Q

Species Diversity

A

Measure of the number of species and the number of individuals of each species present

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4
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Refers to the total amount of genetic variability present (Most difficult to determine globally even within a species)

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5
Q

Systematics

A

Scietific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them

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6
Q

3 sub disciplines of systematics

A

Taxonomy
Nomenclature
Phylogenetics

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Theory and practice of classifying organisms into a taxa within a hierarchy

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8
Q

Nomenclature

A

Process where scientifc namers are produced for taxa at all hierarchal levels to provide a common ground in which biologists can communicate about specific taxa

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9
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of the evolutionary history or relationships of organisms

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10
Q

First Attempt to classify living organisms came from?

A

Aristotle
Organisms diverse, some more complex than others
Hierarchical ladder of life = Scala naturae

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11
Q

What was the scala naturae based on

A

complexity of structure and function
ability to move
Mode of Transportation (Air land and water)

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12
Q

Carolus Linneaus

A

Classified with 7 levels

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13
Q

7 levels of linneaus

A

Imperium (Empire)
Regnum (Kingdom)
Classis (Class)
Ordo (Order)
Genus
Species
Varietas (Variety

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14
Q

What are the changes ro linneaus scheme and what is the modern classification scheme

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Ordey
Family
Genus
Species

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15
Q

3 Traits of class mammalia

A

Hair: Insulation, aid in sensory touch
Mammary glands: Modified sweat glands
Ear bones: Transmission of vibrations from the typanic membrane to the inner ear

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16
Q

1 trait of order Rodentia

A

Specicific teeth arrangement

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17
Q

2 kingdoms of linneaus

A

Based of photosynthesis or no photosynthesis
Vegetablia
Animalia Unicelluar
Organisms

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18
Q

Ernest Haeckel (3 Kingdoms)

A

Protista
Plantae
Animalia Fungi^

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19
Q

Edoudard Chatton

A

Inroduction of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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20
Q

Herbert Copeland (4 kingdoms)

A

Monera - Pro
Protista - Euk
Plantae - Euk
Animalia - Euk

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21
Q

Robert Whittaker (5 Kingdoms)

A

Monera - Pro
Protista - Euk
Plantae - Euk
Fungi - Euk
Animalia - Euk

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22
Q

What did Carl Woese do

A

Seperation of monera into Eubacteria and Archea
Addition of a new taxonomic rank: Domain

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23
Q

3 domains of Carl Woese

A

Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya

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24
Q

Main differences between bacteria and eukarya

A

Peptidoglycans present in bacteria but not in archea
Ester linked branched in archea and not branched in bacteria

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25
What do Eukaryotes share a common ancestor with
Archea
26
Breakdown Urocitellus richadsonii
Uro = tail Citellus = Ground squirrel Richardonii - named after the naturalisr Dr. John Richardson
27
Binomial nomenclature system of Linneaus
Each type of organism has only one name No two kinds of organsims bear the same name
28
Two parts of the name
1. Generic (Plural) or Genus(Singular) name 2. Specific epithet (Trivial name)
29
Person who gave the name
Species authority Always gets credit (Never changes)
30
Genus Authority
The person who creates the scietific name
31
3 types of extant mammals
Placentals Marsupials Monotremes
32
Placentas
Most common
33
Marcupials
Lack complex placenta Live birth
34
Monotremes
Lay eggs (no live birth)
35
What happens if the same animal is described twice
Law of priority: Earlier on is valid. The later one becomes a junior synonym
36
Holotype
Single specimen designated as the name bearing type of a species when it was established Can be male or female The specimen to which all others are compared There is a holotype for each species Once u lost it, u cannot make another one
37
Allotype
A specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype Second most important
38
Paratypes
Specimens of the type series other than the holotype Represenriritve of the key type of specimens new additions after adding the paratypes group are neither Must be preserved
39
Type Cultures
Can only have one for each speicies must always remain in a collection
40
What is the role of Natural history museums
Catalogues of life Acquire, conserve, restore, manage and exhibit very important collections of natural history, living organsims, inert collections and databases Specializing in taxonomy, identification and conservation Understanding diversity and its origin
41
Lectotype
A specimen designed as the type of a species when no holotype
42
What are species
Organsims calssified based on their appearence (observable phenotypes)
43
What did theodosius propose
Each species in reproductuvely isolated from other species
44
Biological Species concept
Ernest Mayr Species are groups of natural populations whose individuals which are reproductuvely isolated from such groups
45
Interbreeding
Sharing a common gene pool and produce a fertile offspring
46
Biological species concept is not applicable to
Fossils (Morphological species concept) Asexually reproducing organsims (a lot of bacteria)
47
Morphological species concept Ecological species concept
Species are defined in terms of their ecological niches, focussing on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community where you find them, what they require to grow and adaptations
48
Two types of barriers that prevent reproduction
Pre zygotic barriers Post Zygotic barriers
49
5 types of pre zygotic barriers
Habitat isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioural Isolation Mechanical isolation Gamete Isolation
50
Habitat isolation
Species may occupy different habitats so they do not contact with each other. Being seperated by enviroment
51
Examples of habitat isolation
Northwestern garter snakes and ribbon snakes Bufo Americanus Bufo woodhousei (Frogs)
52
Temporal Isolation
Species have different mating or flowering seasons or times of the day or become sexually mature at different times of year
53
Example of temporal isolation
Fidel Crickets Gryllus Veletis: Matures in spring Gryllus pennsylanicus: Matures in fall
54
More examples of Temporal Isolation
Eastern and Western spotted skunk No interspecific mating
55
Behavioural Isolation
Little to no sexual attraction due to differences in behaviour
56
Example of behavioural isolation
Eastern meadowlark and Western Meadowlark Whistle. Flute The two species have some sympatry
57
Mechanical isolation
Structural difference in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer between 2 different species Many plants have flower structures that are adapted to specific pollinators
58
Gamete isolation
Male and female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite
59
3 types of postzygotic barriers
Hybrid Inviability hybrid Sterility Hybrid breakdown
60
Hybrid Inviability
Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity Embryo dies
61
Hybrid sterility
hybrid fails to produce functional gametes There is an offspring but is sterile
62
Example of hybrid sterility
Donkey x Horse = Mule
63
Hybrid breakdown
Offspring of hybrids are weal or infertile

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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