Module 3 Flashcards
Edward Osborne Wilson
First to use term biodiversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Diversity describes the variety of habitats present in certain geographical areas
Species Diversity
Measure of the number of species and the number of individuals of each species present
Genetic Diversity
Refers to the total amount of genetic variability present (Most difficult to determine globally even within a species)
Systematics
Scietific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them
3 sub disciplines of systematics
Taxonomy
Nomenclature
Phylogenetics
Taxonomy
Theory and practice of classifying organisms into a taxa within a hierarchy
Nomenclature
Process where scientifc namers are produced for taxa at all hierarchal levels to provide a common ground in which biologists can communicate about specific taxa
Phylogenetics
Study of the evolutionary history or relationships of organisms
First Attempt to classify living organisms came from?
Aristotle
Organisms diverse, some more complex than others
Hierarchical ladder of life = Scala naturae
What was the scala naturae based on
complexity of structure and function
ability to move
Mode of Transportation (Air land and water)
Carolus Linneaus
Classified with 7 levels
7 levels of linneaus
Imperium (Empire)
Regnum (Kingdom)
Classis (Class)
Ordo (Order)
Genus
Species
Varietas (Variety
What are the changes ro linneaus scheme and what is the modern classification scheme
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Ordey
Family
Genus
Species
3 Traits of class mammalia
Hair: Insulation, aid in sensory touch
Mammary glands: Modified sweat glands
Ear bones: Transmission of vibrations from the typanic membrane to the inner ear
1 trait of order Rodentia
Specicific teeth arrangement
2 kingdoms of linneaus
Based of photosynthesis or no photosynthesis
Vegetablia
Animalia Unicelluar
Organisms
Ernest Haeckel (3 Kingdoms)
Protista
Plantae
Animalia Fungi^
Edoudard Chatton
Inroduction of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Herbert Copeland (4 kingdoms)
Monera - Pro
Protista - Euk
Plantae - Euk
Animalia - Euk
Robert Whittaker (5 Kingdoms)
Monera - Pro
Protista - Euk
Plantae - Euk
Fungi - Euk
Animalia - Euk
What did Carl Woese do
Seperation of monera into Eubacteria and Archea
Addition of a new taxonomic rank: Domain
3 domains of Carl Woese
Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya
Main differences between bacteria and eukarya
Peptidoglycans present in bacteria but not in archea
Ester linked branched in archea and not branched in bacteria
What do Eukaryotes share a common ancestor with
Archea
Breakdown Urocitellus richadsonii
Uro = tail
Citellus = Ground squirrel
Richardonii - named after the naturalisr Dr. John Richardson
Binomial nomenclature system of Linneaus
Each type of organism has only one name
No two kinds of organsims bear the same name
Two parts of the name
- Generic (Plural) or Genus(Singular) name
- Specific epithet (Trivial name)
Person who gave the name
Species authority
Always gets credit (Never changes)
Genus Authority
The person who creates the scietific name
3 types of extant mammals
Placentals
Marsupials
Monotremes
Placentas
Most common
Marcupials
Lack complex placenta
Live birth
Monotremes
Lay eggs (no live birth)
What happens if the same animal is described twice
Law of priority: Earlier on is valid. The later one becomes a junior synonym
Holotype
Single specimen designated as the name bearing type of a species when it was established
Can be male or female
The specimen to which all others are compared
There is a holotype for each species
Once u lost it, u cannot make another one
Allotype
A specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype
Second most important
Paratypes
Specimens of the type series other than the holotype
Represenriritve of the key type of specimens
new additions after adding the paratypes group are neither
Must be preserved
Type Cultures
Can only have one for each speicies
must always remain in a collection
What is the role of Natural history museums
Catalogues of life
Acquire, conserve, restore, manage and exhibit very important collections of natural history, living organsims, inert collections and databases
Specializing in taxonomy, identification and conservation
Understanding diversity and its origin
Lectotype
A specimen designed as the type of a species when no holotype
What are species
Organsims calssified based on their appearence (observable phenotypes)
What did theodosius propose
Each species in reproductuvely isolated from other species
Biological Species concept
Ernest Mayr
Species are groups of natural populations whose individuals which are reproductuvely isolated from such groups
Interbreeding
Sharing a common gene pool and produce a fertile offspring
Biological species concept is not applicable to
Fossils (Morphological species concept)
Asexually reproducing organsims (a lot of bacteria)
Morphological species concept
Ecological species concept
Species are defined in terms of their ecological niches, focussing on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community
where you find them, what they require to grow and adaptations
Two types of barriers that prevent reproduction
Pre zygotic barriers
Post Zygotic barriers
5 types of pre zygotic barriers
Habitat isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioural Isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gamete Isolation
Habitat isolation
Species may occupy different habitats so they do not contact with each other.
Being seperated by enviroment
Examples of habitat isolation
Northwestern garter snakes and ribbon snakes
Bufo Americanus Bufo woodhousei (Frogs)
Temporal Isolation
Species have different mating or flowering seasons or times of the day or become sexually mature at different times of year
Example of temporal isolation
Fidel Crickets
Gryllus Veletis: Matures in spring
Gryllus pennsylanicus: Matures in fall
More examples of Temporal Isolation
Eastern and Western spotted skunk
No interspecific mating
Behavioural Isolation
Little to no sexual attraction due to differences in behaviour
Example of behavioural isolation
Eastern meadowlark and Western Meadowlark
Whistle. Flute
The two species have some sympatry
Mechanical isolation
Structural difference in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer between 2 different species
Many plants have flower structures that are adapted to specific pollinators
Gamete isolation
Male and female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite
3 types of postzygotic barriers
Hybrid Inviability
hybrid Sterility
Hybrid breakdown
Hybrid Inviability
Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity
Embryo dies
Hybrid sterility
hybrid fails to produce functional gametes
There is an offspring but is sterile
Example of hybrid sterility
Donkey x Horse = Mule
Hybrid breakdown
Offspring of hybrids are weal or infertile
